-
1.
The influence of juicing on the appearance of blueberry metabolites 2 h after consumption: a metabolite profiling approach.
Langer, S, Kennel, A, Lodge, JK
The British journal of nutrition. 2018;(11):1233-1244
Abstract
The consumption of berries has been linked to decreased risk of degenerative disease. Berries are regularly processed into juices. It is largely unknown how the juicing process affects the bioavailability of metabolites. As metabolomics has shown to be a valuable nutritional tool to study global metabolite differences, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of juicing on the relative appearance of blueberry metabolites in humans using metabolomics. Nine healthy subjects consumed 250 g of fresh blueberries either as the whole fruit or after juicing, and provided blood and urine samples before and 2 h after intake in a cross-over design. Samples underwent metabolite profiling using LCMS, and data were mined with multivariate analysis. Overall, <12 % of all ions detected were significantly influenced by blueberry treatment (P<0·05). Partial least-squared discriminant analysis models of post-treatment samples revealed good discrimination. In urinary samples, whole blueberry treatment resulted in 108 ions that were significantly higher compared with juiced treatment (positive and negative mode combined), whereas only eight were significantly higher after juiced treatment. Examples of putative annotations included metabolites of ferulic and caffeic acids, several phenolic metabolites conjugated to sulphate, glycoside or glucuronide and fatty acyl derivatives, which were of higher intensity after whole blueberry treatment. In conclusion, consumption of whole blueberries resulted in a higher range of phenolic and other metabolites in plasma and urine samples 2 h after consumption. Both whole and juiced blueberries resulted in very similar metabolite profiles at 2 h, although this was the only time point measured.
-
2.
Effect of olive cultivar on bioaccessibility and antioxidant activity of phenolic fraction of virgin olive oil.
Quintero-Flórez, A, Pereira-Caro, G, Sánchez-Quezada, C, Moreno-Rojas, JM, Gaforio, JJ, Jimenez, A, Beltrán, G
European journal of nutrition. 2018;(5):1925-1946
Abstract
AIM: This study aims to characterize the phenolic profile and antioxidant capacity of seven monovarietal virgin olive oils (VOOs) and evaluate their in vitro gastrointestinal stability. METHODS 'Picual', 'Blanqueta', 'Sevillana', 'Habichuelero', and 'Chetoui' olive cultivars were selected for VOO extraction. The oils were subjected to in vitro digestion. The recovery index (RI) of phenolic compounds after each digestion step and the bioaccessibility index (BI) were evaluated. In addition, the antioxidant activity of the bioaccessible fraction (BF) of VOOs was determined by DPPH, ABTS, and ORAC assays, as well as by studying the intracellular reactive oxygen species in Caco-2 cells. RESULTS Differences were found in the composition of phenolic compounds in VOOs depending on cultivars. During the digestive process, important losses of phenolic compounds were observed between the buccal and duodenal steps, unlike HTy and Ty, which presented increased recovery due to the hydrolysis of secoiridoid derivatives. Differences in the bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds were found between varieties of VOOs. 'Sevillana' VOO had the highest total bioaccessibility (36%), followed by the 'Picual' (19%), 'Chetoui' (17%), 'Habichuelero' (10%), and 'Blanqueta' (8%) varieties. The BF of all the varieties of VOO showed similar radical ABTS scavenging capacity, 'Chetoui', and 'Blanqueta'-BF having the highest radical DPPH scavenging capacity, and 'Habichuelero' and 'Picual'-BF showing protective effects against the peroxyl radical measured by ORACFL assay. All VOO-BFs presented decreases in ROS levels in Caco-2 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest differences in the bioaccessibility of phenolics from diverse VOO varieties, which could lead to different biological properties. Therefore, this study represents a first step toward the development of novel dietary strategies focusing on the phenolic supplementation of different VOOs to preserve human health.
-
3.
Plasma microbiome-modulated indole- and phenyl-derived metabolites associate with advanced atherosclerosis and postoperative outcomes.
Cason, CA, Dolan, KT, Sharma, G, Tao, M, Kulkarni, R, Helenowski, IB, Doane, BM, Avram, MJ, McDermott, MM, Chang, EB, et al
Journal of vascular surgery. 2018;(5):1552-1562.e7
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Multiple studies have shown that gut microbes contribute to atherosclerosis, and there is mounting evidence that microbial metabolism of dietary nutrients influences pathophysiology. We hypothesized that indole- and phenyl-derived metabolites that originate solely or in part from bacterial sources would differ between patients with advanced atherosclerosis and age- and sex-matched controls without clinically apparent atherosclerosis. METHODS Plasma from the advanced atherosclerosis cohort (n = 100) was from patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy, open infrainguinal leg revascularization, or major leg amputation for critical limb ischemia. The controls (n = 22) were age- and sex-matched participants who had no peripheral arterial disease or history of stroke or myocardial infarction. Patients with chronic kidney disease were excluded. Metabolites and internal standards were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Plasma metabolite concentrations differed significantly between the advanced atherosclerosis and control cohorts. After adjustment for traditional atherosclerosis risk factors, indole (odds ratio [OR], 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.75-0.95; P = .004), tryptophan (OR, <0.001; 95% CI, <0.001-0.003; P < .001), indole-3-propionic acid (OR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.019-0.91; P = .02), and indole-3-aldehyde (OR, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.014-0.92; P = .04) concentrations negatively associated with advanced atherosclerosis, whereas the kynurenine/tryptophan ratio (OR, 61.7; 95% CI, 1.9->999; P = .02) was positively associated. Furthermore, tryptophan and indole-3-propionic acid concentrations (Spearman coefficients of 0.63 and 0.56, respectively; P < .001) correlated with the ankle-brachial index, a surrogate for overall atherosclerotic disease burden. Fourteen patients experienced a major postoperative cardiac complication within 30 days in the advanced atherosclerosis cohort, which was associated with baseline kynurenine/tryptophan ratio (P = .001) and hippuric acid (P = .03). In a multivariate analysis, only the kynurenine/tryptophan ratio remained significantly associated with a postoperative cardiac complication (OR, 44.1; 95% CI, 3.3-587.1; P = .004). Twenty patients in the advanced atherosclerosis cohort experienced a major adverse cardiac event during the follow-up period, which was associated with hippuric acid (P = .002) and the kynurenine/tryptophan ratio (P < .001) at baseline. Both hippuric acid and the kynurenine/tryptophan ratio were independently associated with a major adverse cardiac event in multivariate analyses that included diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSIONS Specific microbe-derived metabolite signatures associate with advanced human atherosclerosis and postoperative cardiac complications. We suggest that these metabolites are potential novel biomarkers for atherosclerotic disease burden and that further investigation into mechanistic links between defined microbial metabolic pathways and cardiovascular disease is warranted.
-
4.
Sub-optimal Application of a High SPF Sunscreen Prevents Epidermal DNA Damage in Vivo.
Young, AR, Greenaway, J, Harrison, GI, Lawrence, KP, Sarkany, R, Douki, T, Boyer, F, Josse, G, Questel, E, Monteil, C, et al
Acta dermato-venereologica. 2018;(9):880-887
Abstract
The cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) is a potentially mutagenic DNA photolesion that is the basis of most skin cancers. There are no data on DNA protection by sunscreens under typical conditions of use. The study aim was to determine such protection, in phototypes I/II, with representative sunscreen-user application. A very high SPF formulation was applied at 0.75, 1.3 and 2.0 mg/cm2. Unprotected control skin was exposed to 4 standard erythema doses (SED) of solar simulated UVR, and sunscreen-treated sites to 30 SED. Holiday behaviour was also simulated by UVR exposure for 5 consecutive days. Control skin received 1 SED daily, and sunscreen-treated sites received 15 (all 3 application thicknesses) or 30 (2.0 mg/cm2) SED daily. CPD were assessed by quantitative HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and semi-quantitative immunostaining. In comparison with unprotected control sites, sunscreen significantly (p ≤ 0.001-0.05) reduced DNA damage at 1.3 and 2.0 mg/cm2 in all cases. However, reduction with typical sunscreen use (0.75 mg/cm2) was non-significant, with the exception of HPLC-MS/MS data for the 5-day study (p <0.001). Overall, these results support sunscreen use as a strategy to reduce skin cancer, and demonstrate that public health messages must stress better sunscreen application to get maximal benefit.
-
5.
Put "gender glasses" on the effects of phenolic compounds on cardiovascular function and diseases.
Campesi, I, Marino, M, Cipolletti, M, Romani, A, Franconi, F
European journal of nutrition. 2018;(8):2677-2691
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The influence of sex and gender is particularly relevant in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) as well as in several aspects of drug pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Anatomical and physiological differences between the sexes may influence the activity of many drugs, including the possibility of their interaction with other drugs, bioactive compounds, foods and beverages. Phenolic compounds could interact with our organism at organ, cellular, and molecular levels triggering a preventive action against chronic diseases, including CVD. RESULTS This article will review the role of sex on the activity of these bioactive molecules, considering the existence of sex differences in oxidative stress. It describes the pharmacokinetics of phenolic compounds, their effects on vessels, on cardiovascular system, and during development, including the role of nuclear receptors and microbiota. CONCLUSIONS Although there is a large gap between the knowledge of the sex differences in the phenolic compounds' activity and safety, and the urgent need for more research, available data underlie the possibility that plant-derived phenolic compounds could differently influence the health of male and female subjects.
-
6.
Degradation behavior of triclosan by co-exposure to chlorine dioxide and UV irradiation: influencing factors and toxicity changes.
Li, QS, Cai, HW, Li, GX, Chen, GY, Ma, XY, He, WL
Environmental science and pollution research international. 2018;(10):9391-9401
Abstract
This study investigated the transformation of triclosan (TCS) following co-exposure to UV irradiation and ClO2. Special attention was given to understand the influencing of water quality parameters and toxicity changes during the co-exposure process. The results show that the co-exposure process prompted TCS elimination quickly and effectively, with more than 99% of TCS degraded under the experimental conditions. The molar yield ratios of 2,4-dichlorophenol/TCS (2,4-DCP/TCS) were calculated to be 35.81-74.49%; however, the by-product of 2,8-dichlorodibenzop-dioxin (2,8-Cl2DD) was not detected. The TCS degradation was sensitive to ClO2 dosage, pH, H2O2, and natural organic matter (NOM), but not to the carbonate (CO32-) concentration. Neutral and slightly alkaline condition were favorable to TCS elimination. The TCS removal rate increased from 85.33 to 99.75% when the ClO2 concentration increased from 0.25 to 1.5 mg L-1. TCS degradation can be promoted at low NOM level (1, 3, and 5 mg L-1), whereas was inhibited at high NOM concentrations of 7 and 9 mg L-1. While adding H2O2, the degradation rate of TCS increased with increasing H2O2 concentration from 1 to 3 mg L-1; however, too low or overdosed H2O2 (0.5 and 5 mg L-1) hindered TCS degradation. Based on the results of a microtox bioassay, the toxicity did not change following the co-exposure process.
-
7.
Phytochemical characterization of different prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.) cultivars and botanical parts: UHPLC-ESI-MSn metabolomics profiles and their chemometric analysis.
Mena, P, Tassotti, M, Andreu, L, Nuncio-Jáuregui, N, Legua, P, Del Rio, D, Hernández, F
Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.). 2018;:301-308
Abstract
Prickly pear is an important source of bioactive compounds. However, a comprehensive characterization of the phytochemical profile of its aerial botanical parts, considering genotypic differences, has not been conducted. This study evaluated the phytochemical composition of four botanical parts (fruit pulp and skin, and young and adult cladodes) of six cultivars. Analysis was carried out by using two non-targeted UHPLC-ESI-MSn experimental conditions and assisted with multivariate analysis to facilitate data interpretation. Up to 41 compounds, mainly (poly)phenolic molecules, were identified and quantified, 23 compounds being reported for the first time in Opuntia ficus-indica. Phenolic composition varied significantly depending on the part of the plant. Betalains were detected only in the fruit of a red cultivar. This study provided novel insights in terms of identification of bioactives and thorough characterization of botanical parts of prickly pears. This information may be used for the development of prickly pear-derived products with high levels of bioactive compounds.
-
8.
Bisphenol A induces DSB-ATM-p53 signaling leading to cell cycle arrest, senescence, autophagy, stress response, and estrogen release in human fetal lung fibroblasts.
Mahemuti, L, Chen, Q, Coughlan, MC, Qiao, C, Chepelev, NL, Florian, M, Dong, D, Woodworth, RG, Yan, J, Cao, XL, et al
Archives of toxicology. 2018;(4):1453-1469
Abstract
Experimental and/or epidemiological studies suggest that prenatal exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) may delay fetal lung development and maturation and increase the susceptibility to childhood respiratory disease. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In our previous study with cultured human fetal lung fibroblasts (HFLF), we demonstrated that 24-h exposure to 1 and 100 µM BPA increased GPR30 protein in the nuclear fraction. Exposure to 100 μM BPA had no effects on cell viability, but increased cytoplasmic expression of ERβ and release of GDF-15, as well as decreased release of IL-6, ET-1, and IP-10 through suppression of NFκB phosphorylation. By performing global gene expression and pathway analysis in this study, we identified molecular pathways, gene networks, and key molecules that were affected by 100, but not 0.01 and 1 µM BPA in HFLF. Using multiple genomic and proteomic tools, we confirmed these changes at both gene and protein levels. Our data suggest that 100 μM BPA increased CYP1B1 and HSD17B14 gene and protein expression and release of endogenous estradiol, which was associated with increased ROS production and DNA double-strand breaks, upregulation of genes and/or proteins in steroid synthesis and metabolism, and activation of Nrf2-regulated stress response pathways. In addition, BPA activated ATM-p53 signaling pathway, resulting in increased cell cycle arrest at G1 phase, senescence and autophagy, and decreased cell proliferation in HFLF. The results suggest that prenatal exposure to BPA at certain concentrations may affect fetal lung development and maturation, and thereby affecting susceptibility to childhood respiratory diseases.
-
9.
Effect of olive oil phenolic compounds on osteoblast differentiation.
Melguizo-Rodríguez, L, Manzano-Moreno, FJ, De Luna-Bertos, E, Rivas, A, Ramos-Torrecillas, J, Ruiz, C, García-Martínez, O
European journal of clinical investigation. 2018;(4)
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength that predisposes individuals to an increased risk of fracture. Previous in vivo and in vitro studies have reported that phenolic compounds present in extra virgin olive oil have a beneficial effect on osteoblasts in terms of increase cell proliferation. The aim of this study was to determine whether phenolic compounds present in olive oil could modify the expression of cell differentiation markers on osteoblasts. STUDY DESIGN An in vitro experimental design was performed using MG-63 osteoblasts cell line. METHODS MG63 cells were exposed to different doses of luteolin, apigenin, or p-coumaric, caffeic or ferulic acid. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was evaluated by spectrophotometry and antigen expression (cluster of differentiation [CD] 54, CD80, CD86 and HLA-DR) by flow cytometry. RESULTS At 24 hour, treated groups showed an increased ALP and modulated antigen profile, with respect to the nontreated group. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that the phenolic compounds studied induce cell maturation in vitro, increasing ALP synthesis and reducing the expression of antigens involved in immune functions of the osteoblast which would improve bone density.
-
10.
Role of bisphenol A as environmental factor in the promotion of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: in vitro and clinical study.
Dallio, M, Masarone, M, Errico, S, Gravina, AG, Nicolucci, C, Di Sarno, R, Gionti, L, Tuccillo, C, Persico, M, Stiuso, P, et al
Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics. 2018;(6):826-837
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A is an endocrine disrupting chemical associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease and liver enzyme abnormalities. AIM: To evaluate bisphenol A plasma and urine levels in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients compared to healthy subjects. Furthermore, we evaluated, in human HepG2 cells, the effects of exposure to different concentrations of bisphenol A on both oxidative stress induction and cell proliferation. METHODS We enrolled 60 patients with histological diagnosis of NAFLD with or without T2DM and sixty healthy subjects. In vitro, the proliferation of bisphenol A-exposed HepG2 cells at two different concentrations (0.025 and 0.05 μM) was evaluated, both at high (H-HepG2) and at low (L-HepG2) glucose concentrations for 48 h. Lipoperoxidation was assessed by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay. RESULTS Bisphenol A levels were significantly higher in 60 NAFLD subjects, both in urine and in plasma (P < 0.0001) when compared to controls and, in this group, it appeared to be higher in 30 non-alcoholic steatohepatitis patients compared to 30 simple steatosis subjects (P < 0.05), independently from the presence of T2DM. After a bisphenol A-free diet for 1 month, NAFLD patients showed a significant reduction in bisphenol A circulating levels (P < 0.05), without a significant reduction in urine levels. H-HepG2 cells treated with bisphenol A (0.05 μM) increased proliferation compared to controls at 48 h (P < 0.0001). Bisphenol A increased TBARS levels at 48 h versus controls. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals a possible role of bisphenol A as an environmental factor involved in the promotion of NAFLD, particularly in T2DM patients.