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1.
The GTPase ARFRP1 affects lipid droplet protein composition and triglyceride release from intracellular storage of intestinal Caco-2 cells.
Werno, MW, Wilhelmi, I, Kuropka, B, Ebert, F, Freund, C, Schürmann, A
Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 2018;(1):259-265
Abstract
Intestinal release of dietary triglycerides via chylomicrons is the major contributor to elevated postprandial triglyceride levels. Dietary lipids can be transiently stored in cytosolic lipid droplets (LDs) located in intestinal enterocytes for later release. ADP ribosylation factor-related protein 1 (ARFRP1) participates in processes of LD growth in adipocytes and in lipidation of lipoproteins in liver and intestine. This study aims to explore the impact of ARFRP1 on LD organization and its interplay with chylomicron-mediated triglyceride release in intestinal-like Caco-2 cells. Suppression of Arfrp1 reduced release of intracellularly derived triglycerides (0.69-fold) and increased the abundance of transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase TERA/VCP, fatty acid synthase-associated factor 2 (FAF2) and perilipin 2 (Plin2) at the LD surface. Furthermore, TERA/VCP and FAF2 co-occurred more frequently with ATGL at LDs, suggesting a reduced adipocyte triglyceride lipase (ATGL)-mediated lipolysis. Accordingly, inhibition of lipolysis reduced lipid release from intracellular storage pools by the same magnitude as Arfrp1 depletion. Thus, the lack of Arfrp1 increases the abundance of lipolysis-modulating enzymes TERA/VCP, FAF2 and Plin2 at LDs, which might decrease lipolysis and reduce availability of fatty acids for triglyceride synthesis and their release via chylomicrons.
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2.
The application of in vitro human intestinal models on the screening and development of pre- and probiotics.
Pham, VT, Mohajeri, MH
Beneficial microbes. 2018;(5):725-742
Abstract
The importance of the gut microbiota community on host's health and disease has long been recognised and is well documented. The development of pro- and prebiotic interventions offers an opportunity for the modulation of the gut microbiota towards long lasting health. In vitro fermentation models were developed as a powerful tool to study the impact of pro- and prebiotics on the gut microbiota under tightly controlled conditions, which allow dynamic sampling over time in reactors mimicking different colon regions. These models have been further evolved to suit specific experimental purposes, e.g. including immobilised faecal microbiota, peristaltic movement, mucin microcosm and the ability to perform treatments in parallel. In this review we discuss the advantages, disadvantages and technical considerations of the most frequently used models. We further focus on recent advances in the application of these models in prebiotics and probiotics research and outline their predictability for clinical research.
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3.
Improvements in intestine transplantation.
Celik, N, Stanley, K, Rudolph, J, Al-Issa, F, Kosmach, B, Ashokkumar, C, Sun, Q, Brown-Bakewell, R, Zecca, D, Soltys, K, et al
Seminars in pediatric surgery. 2018;(4):267-272
Abstract
Transplantation of the intestine in children has presented significant challenges even as it has become a standard to treat nutritional failure due to short gut syndrome. These challenges have been addressed in part by significant improvements in short and long-term care. Noteworthy enhancements include reduced need for intestine transplantation, drug-sparing immunosuppressive regimens, immune monitoring, and improved surveillance and management of PTLD and non-adherence.
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4.
Intestinal re-transplantation: indications, techniques and outcomes.
Ganoza, A, Celik, N, Mazariegos, GV
Current opinion in organ transplantation. 2018;(2):224-228
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The field of intestinal transplantation has shown significant growth and has become the gold standard therapy for patients that suffer from the complications of total parenteral nutrition due to irreversible intestinal failure. In the early years of intestinal transplant, retransplantation was associated with extremely high morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent encouraging reports, showing significant improvement in outcomes after intestinal retransplantation. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies at large volume centers have reported significant progress in patient and graft survival after intestinal retransplantation. Recent literature described the most common indications for retransplantation, surgical techniques, timing of graft enterectomy, immunologic monitoring, and complications. Improvement in outcomes due to advances in immunosuppression management and the importance of liver-containing grafts are also described. SUMMARY Improving early to midterm patient and graft survival has made consideration for intestinal retransplantation even more necessary. Current clinical evidence supports the benefit of intestinal retransplantation in well selected recipients. Initial immunosuppression protocols, technical modifications, proper timing of enterectomy, and improved infectious disease monitoring have contributed to improved outcomes.
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5.
High intake of dairy during energy restriction does not affect energy balance or the intestinal microflora compared with low dairy intake in overweight individuals in a randomized controlled trial.
Bendtsen, LQ, Blædel, T, Holm, JB, Lorenzen, JK, Mark, AB, Kiilerich, P, Kristiansen, K, Astrup, A, Larsen, LH
Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme. 2018;(1):1-10
Abstract
During weight loss, dairy calcium is proposed to accelerate weight and fat-mass loss through increased fecal fat excretion. The primary objective was to investigate if a high-dairy energy-restricted diet is superior to low dairy in terms of changes in body weight, body composition, and fecal fat excretion over 24 weeks. Secondary objectives included fecal energy and calcium excretion, resting energy expenditure, blood pressure, lipid metabolism, and gut microbiota. In a randomized, parallel-arm intervention study, 11 men and 69 women (body mass index, 30.6 ± 0.3 kg/m2; age, 44 ± 1 years) were allocated to a 500-kcal (2100 kJ) -deficit diet that was either high (HD: 1500 mg calcium/day) or low (LD: 600 mg calcium/day) in dairy products for 24 weeks. Habitual calcium intake was ∼1000 mg/day. Body weight loss (HD: -6.6 ± 1.3 kg, LD: -7.9 ± 1.5 kg, P = 0.73), fat-mass loss (HD: -7.8% ± 1.3%, LD: -8.5% ± 1.1%, P = 0.76), changes in fecal fat excretion (HD: -0.57 ± 0.76 g, LD: 0.46 ± 0.70 g, P = 0.12), and microbiota composition were similar for the groups over 24 weeks. However, total fat-mass loss was positively associated with relative abundance of Papillibacter (P = 0.017) independent of diet group. Consumption of a high-dairy diet did not increase fecal fat or accelerate weight and fat-mass loss beyond energy restriction over 24 weeks in overweight and obese adults with a habitual calcium intake of ∼1000 mg/day. However, this study indicates that Papillibacter is involved in body compositional changes.
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6.
Fecal microbiota transplantation for managing irritable bowel syndrome.
El-Salhy, M, Mazzawi, T
Expert review of gastroenterology & hepatology. 2018;(5):439-445
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a widespread gastrointestinal disorder affecting 11.2% of the world adult population. The intestinal microbiome is thought to play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of IBS. The composition of the fecal microbiome in IBS patients differs from that in healthy individuals, but the exact bacteria species involved in the development of IBS remain to be determined. There is also an imbalance between useful and harmful bacteria (dysbiosis) in the intestinal microbiome in patients with IBS. Consuming prebiotics, probiotics, or synbiotics has a limited effect on IBS symptoms. In contrast, fecal microbiome transplantation (FMT) in IBS patients reverses the dysbiosis to normobiosis and reduces the IBS symptoms in about 70% of patients, and is not associated with any serious adverse events. Area covered: The available data on the microbiome and FMT in IBS regarding the efficacy of FMT in managing IBS were found using a PubMed search of these topics. Expert commentary: FMT is a promising tool for managing irritable syndrome. It appears to be effective, easy, and inexpensive procedure. However, more controlled studies involving larger cohorts of IBS are needed before FMT can be used as a routine procedure in the clinic.
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7.
Feasibility of a Lactobacillus casei Drink in the Intensive Care Unit for Prevention of Antibiotic Associated Diarrhea and Clostridium difficile.
Alberda, C, Marcushamer, S, Hewer, T, Journault, N, Kutsogiannis, D
Nutrients. 2018;(5)
Abstract
Background: Over 70% of patients are prescribed antibiotics during their intensive care (ICU) admission. The gut microbiome is dramatically altered early in an ICU stay, increasing the risk for antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD) and Clostridium difficile infections (CDI). Evidence suggests that some probiotics are effective in the primary prevention of AAD and CDI. Aim: To demonstrate safety and feasibility of a probiotic drink in ICU patients. Methods: ICU patients initiated on antibiotics were recruited, and matched with contemporary controls. Study patients received two bottles daily of a drink containing 10 billion Lactobacillus casei which was bolused via feeding tube. Tolerance to probiotics and enteral nutrition, development of adverse events, and incidence of AAD was recorded. CDI rates were followed for 30 days post antibiotic treatment. Results: Thirty-two patients participated in the trial. There were no serious adverse events in the probiotic group, compared to three in the control group. AAD was documented in 12.5% of the probiotic group and 31.3% in the control group. One patient in the probiotic group developed CDI compared to three in the control group. Discussion: A probiotic containing drink can safely be delivered via feeding tube and should be considered as a preventative measure for AAD and CDI in ICU.
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8.
Association between sn-2 fatty acid profiles of breast milk and development of the infant intestinal microbiome.
Jiang, T, Liu, B, Li, J, Dong, X, Lin, M, Zhang, M, Zhao, J, Dai, Y, Chen, L
Food & function. 2018;(2):1028-1037
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that host diet and gut microbes are related. Previous studies have shown the effects of specific dietary fatty acids (FAs) on intestinal microbiota, but little is known about the effect of the stereospecifically numbered sn-2 position in triglycerides (TG) of human milk on the gut microbiome of infants. This study aimed at examining possible effects of sn-2 FAs of human milk on the gut microbial development of breastfeeding babies. Sn-2 FAs and intestinal microbiota were assessed by GC-MS and high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing, respectively. The results showed that breast milk from mothers in China contained ten major sn-2 FAs dominated by palmitic acid (C16:0, 54.42%), oleic acid (C18:1 n-9, 14.95%), linoleic acid (LA, C18:2 n-6, 12.81%), myristic acid (C14:0, 4.50%) and C12:0 (3.17%). Total long chain unsaturated fatty acids (LCUFA) decreased from colostrum to mature milk, while total saturated fatty acids (SFA) showed no significant difference during lactation. A significant association between sn-2 FAs in milk and infant gut microbiota was found between decanoic acid (C10:0), myristic acid (C14:0), stearic acid (C18:0), C16:0, arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4 n-6), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 n-3) with Bacteroides, Enterobacteriaceae, Veillonella, Streptococcus, and Clostridium. These microbes were involved in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production and other functions, and significantly increased at 13-15 d after breastfeeding was initiated. C16:0 and DHA were relevant to most of the microbes. This study demonstrated the relatively steady profiles of sn-2 FAs in breast milk and gut microbiota of infants, together with their correlation during the breastfeeding period. The above results provided important information for designing the configuration of FAs in next-generation formulas for Chinese infants.
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9.
From the intestinal flora to the microbiome.
Sebastián Domingo, JJ, Sánchez Sánchez, C
Revista espanola de enfermedades digestivas. 2018;(1):51-56
Abstract
In this article, the history of the microbiota is reviewed and the related concepts of the microbiota, microbiome, metagenome, pathobiont, dysbiosis, holobiont, phylotype and enterotype are defined. The most precise and current knowledge about the microbiota is presented and the metabolic, nutritional and immunomodulatory functions are reviewed. Some gastrointestinal diseases whose pathogenesis is associated with the intestinal microbiota, including inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome and celiac disease, among others, are briefly discussed. Finally, some prominent and promising data with regard to the fecal microbiota transplantation in certain digestive illness are discussed.
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10.
Alpha-lactalbumin Effect on Myo-inositol Intestinal Absorption: In vivo and In vitro.
Monastra, G, Sambuy, Y, Ferruzza, S, Ferrari, D, Ranaldi, G
Current drug delivery. 2018;(9):1305-1311
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myo-inositol is a natural molecule with important therapeutic applications and an impaired oral absorption may result in a reduced clinical effect. Aim of this study was to determine if the combined oral administration of α-lactalbumin and myo-inositol in healthy subjects, could increase the plasma level of myo-inositol administered alone. In vitro studies on human differentiated intestinal Caco-2 cells were also conducted to identify the mechanisms involved in myo-inositol absorption. OBJECTIVE The in vivo study was conducted on healthy volunteers in two phases. Subjects received a single oral myo-inositol dose. After 7 days washout, the same subjects were administered a single dose of myo-inositol and α-lactalbumin. Cmax, Tmax and AUC for myo-inositol in plasma were calculated from samples collected at different times. Transepithelial myo-inositol passage, with or without addition of digested α-lactalbumin, was measured in vitro in differentiated Caco-2 cells and compared to transepithelial electrical resistance and phenol red passage. RESULTS The bioavailability of myo-inositol was modified by the concomitant administration of α- lactalbumin. Although peak concentration of myo-inositol at 180 min (Tmax) was similar for both treatments, administration of α-lactalbumin with myo-inositol in a single dose, significantly increased the plasma concentrations of myo-inositol compared to when administered alone. In vitro, myo-inositol absorption in Caco-2 cells was improved in the presence of digested α-lactalbumin, and this change was associated with an increase in tight junction permeability. CONCLUSION Better myo-inositol absorption when orally administered with α-lactalbumin can be beneficial in non-responder patients. Preliminary in vitro findings suggest that peptides deriving from α- lactalbumin digestion may modulate tight junction permeability allowing increased absorption of myoinositol.