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1.
Beverage spoilage yeast detection methods and control technologies: A review of Brettanomyces.
Tubia, I, Prasad, K, Pérez-Lorenzo, E, Abadín, C, Zumárraga, M, Oyanguren, I, Barbero, F, Paredes, J, Arana, S
International journal of food microbiology. 2018;:65-76
Abstract
Spoilage yeasts detection is the key to improve the quality of alcoholic fermentation beverages such as wine and cider. The metabolic activity of the spoilage yeast causes irreparable damage to many liters of final products every year. Therefore, winemakers and cider-house companies suffer a substantial economic impact. Thus, over the years, many detection techniques have been proposed to control the occurrence of spoilage yeast. Out of the many spoilage yeast genera, Brettanomyces is one of the most commonly encountered in the beverage industry. Leveraging its ability to thrive in wine and cider conditions (low pH, high levels of ethanol, and low oxygenation levels), Brettanomyces can proliferate inside beverage production tanks. Moreover, their resultant by products reduce the quality of the beverage. While the beverage industry has made great strides in detecting harmful organisms, gaps remain. Traditional methods such as microscopy, cell plating, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, etc. are often imprecise, expensive, and/or complicated. New emerging spoilage yeast detection platforms, such as biosensors and microfluidic devices, aim to alleviate these constraints. Novel platforms have already demonstrated great promise to be a real alternative for in situ and fast detection in the beverage industry. Finally, the review discusses the potential of emerging spoilage yeast detection and treatment methods.
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2.
Prevalence and concentration of ochratoxin A, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and total aflatoxin in cereal-based products: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Mousavi Khaneghah, A, Fakhri, Y, Raeisi, S, Armoon, B, Sant'Ana, AS
Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2018;:830-848
Abstract
This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and concentration of total aflatoxin (TAF) ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN) and deoxynivalenol (DON) in bread, cornflakes, breakfast cereals and pasta-based products through meta-analysis. The required databases including (PubMed and Scopus databases) were investigated to collect data on the concentration and prevalence of mentioned mycotoxins in cereal-based products. Among 2461 explored articles in identification step, 38 articles with 9627 samples were included in the conducted meta-analysis. The prevalence and concentration of studied mycotoxins varied with the cereal-based food studied. In this context, the overall rank order of mycotoxins prevalence in the cereal foods was OTA > DON > ZEN > TAF > 15-ADON > 3-ADON. Also, the overall rank order of mycotoxins based on concentration in the cereal foods investigated was DON > ZEN > 15-ADON > OTA > 3-ADON > TAF. The findings of this meta-analysis may be useful for the building of risk assessment models aiming to derive data for the development of specific actions to reduce the exposure to OTA, ZEN, TAF, and DON through the consumption of the cereal-based products.
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3.
Impact of unit operations during processing of cereal-based products on the levels of deoxynivalenol, total aflatoxin, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Mousavi Khaneghah, A, Fakhri, Y, Sant'Ana, AS
Food chemistry. 2018;:611-624
Abstract
The study aimed to perform a meta-analysis on the fate of ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON) and total aflatoxin (TAF) during steps of bread and pasta-based products processing. A total of twenty and eight articles (549 data) collected from 1983 through June 2017 were included. Some of the investigated processing such as milling and fermentation caused an increase in the concentration of DON and TAF; although they reduce the concentration of ZEN and OTA. Also, heat processing (cooking) decrease the DON, OTA, and TAF and increase the concentration of ZEN in bread. Cooking reduces the concentration of DON and ZEN in the biscuit. Cooking of pasta reduces the content of DON; however, it increases the concentration of TFA. The findings showed that the mycotoxins and their fate were influenced differently by the unit operations steps involved in the preparation of the different cereal-based products.
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4.
Persistence of Hepatitis A Virus in Fresh Produce and Production Environments, and the Effect of Disinfection Procedures: A Review.
Cook, N, Bertrand, I, Gantzer, C, Pinto, RM, Bosch, A
Food and environmental virology. 2018;(3):253-262
Abstract
Although information is limited, it is evident that prolonged persistence of infectious Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a factor in the transmission of the virus via fresh produce. Consequently, data on persistence of the virus on produce, and in environments relevant to production, such as soils, water and surfaces, are required to fully understand the dynamics of transmission of HAV via foods. Furthermore, information on effective disinfection procedures is necessary to implement effective post-harvest control measures. This review summarises current information on HAV persistence in fresh produce and on relevant disinfection procedures. On vegetables, HAV can remain infectious for several days; on frozen berries, it can persist for several months. HAV can remain infectious on surfaces for months, depending on temperature and relative humidity, and can survive desiccation. It can survive for several hours on hands. Washing hands can remove the virus, but further data are required on the appropriate procedure. Chlorination is effective in water, but not when HAV is associated with foodstuffs. Bleach and other sodium hypochlorite disinfectants at high concentrations can reduce HAV on surfaces, but are not suitable for use on fresh produce. There is only limited information on the effects of heating regimes used in the food industry on HAV. HAV is resistant to mild pasteurisation. Some food components, e.g. fats and sugars, can increase the virus' resistance to higher temperatures. HAV is completely eliminated by boiling. Quantitative prevalence data are needed to allow the setting of appropriate disinfection log reduction targets for fresh produce.
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5.
Sources and survival of Listeria monocytogenes on fresh, leafy produce.
Smith, A, Moorhouse, E, Monaghan, J, Taylor, C, Singleton, I
Journal of applied microbiology. 2018;(4):930-942
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Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular human pathogen which enters the body through contaminated food stuffs and is known to contaminate fresh leafy produce such as spinach, lettuce and rocket. Routinely, fresh leafy produce is grown and processed on a large scale before reaching the consumer through various products such as sandwiches and prepared salads. From farm to fork, the fresh leafy produce supply chain (FLPSC) is complex and contains a diverse range of environments where L. monocytogenes is sporadically detected during routine sampling of produce and processing areas. This review describes sources of the bacteria in the FLPSC and outlines the physiological and molecular mechanisms behind its survival in the different environments associated with growing and processing fresh produce. Finally, current methods of source tracking the bacteria in the context of the food supply chain are discussed with emphasis on how these methods can provide additional, valuable information on the risk that L. monocytogenes isolates pose to the consumer.
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6.
Regeneration and Reuse of Immunoaffinity Column for Highly Efficient Clean-Up and Economic Detection of Ochratoxin A in Malt and Ginger.
Liu, X, Liu, X, Huang, P, Wei, F, Ying, G, Zhang, S, Lu, J, Zhou, L, Kong, W
Toxins. 2018;(11)
Abstract
Immunoaffinity columns (IACs) are most popularly used for mycotoxin clean-up in complex matrices prior to chromatographic analysis. But, their high cost has limited their wide application and the regeneration of IACs for multiple instances of reuse is important. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of regeneration and reuse of IACs for purification of ochratoxin A (OTA) in spiked raw malt and dried ginger samples followed by high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection. After each use, the IACs were filled with phosphate buffer saline (PBS) as the preservation solution and stored at 8 °C overnight for regeneration and reuse until the recovery rate was <70%. The results showed that matrix type, preparation procedure, and pH value of sample extraction exhibited major effects on the reuse of IACs for OTA clean-up. While, after modifying the sample preparation procedure using water as the diluent and the solution at a pH of 7 to 8, the IACs could be used eight and three times for the spiked raw malt and dried ginger samples with OTA after regeneration. Regarding the traditional procedure recommended in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 edition), the IACs could be used for three and two times for the spiked raw malt and dried ginger samples with OTA, respectively. Therefore, the corresponding experimental cost could be reduced to one-eighth and one-third of the original cost. This is the first study on the regeneration and reuse of IACs for OTA clean-up in complex Chinese herbal medicines, providing a green and economical tool for a large number of samples analysis with low cost.
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7.
Spoilage yeasts: What are the sources of contamination of foods and beverages?
Hernández, A, Pérez-Nevado, F, Ruiz-Moyano, S, Serradilla, MJ, Villalobos, MC, Martín, A, Córdoba, MG
International journal of food microbiology. 2018;:98-110
Abstract
Foods and beverages are nutrient-rich ecosystems in which most microorganisms are able to grow. Moreover, several factors, such as physicochemical characteristics, storage temperature, culinary practices, and application of technologies for storage, also define the microbial population of foods and beverages. The yeast population has been well-characterised in fresh and processed fruit and vegetables, dairy products, dry-cured meat products, and beverages, among others. Some species are agents of alteration in different foods and beverages. Since the most comprehensive studies of spoilage yeasts have been performed in the winemaking process, hence, these studies form the thread of the discussion in this review. The natural yeast populations in raw ingredients and environmental contamination in the manufacturing facilities are the main modes by which food contamination occurs. After contamination, yeasts play a significant role in food and beverage spoilage, particularly in the alteration of fermented foods. Several mechanisms contribute to spoilage by yeasts, such as the production of lytic enzymes (lipases, proteases, and cellulases) and gas, utilisation of organic acids, discolouration, and off-flavours. This review addresses the role of yeasts in foods and beverages degradation by considering the modes of contamination and colonisation by yeasts, the yeast population diversity, mechanisms involved, and the analytical techniques for their identification, primarily molecular methods.
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8.
Cultural and Genetic Approaches to Manage Aflatoxin Contamination: Recent Insights Provide Opportunities for Improved Control.
Ojiambo, PS, Battilani, P, Cary, JW, Blum, BH, Carbone, I
Phytopathology. 2018;(9):1024-1037
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is a morphologically complex species that can produce the group of polyketide derived carcinogenic and mutagenic secondary metabolites, aflatoxins, as well as other secondary metabolites such as cyclopiazonic acid and aflatrem. Aflatoxin causes aflatoxicosis when aflatoxins are ingested through contaminated food and feed. In addition, aflatoxin contamination is a major problem, from both an economic and health aspect, in developing countries, especially Asia and Africa, where cereals and peanuts are important food crops. Earlier measures for control of A. flavus infection and consequent aflatoxin contamination centered on creating unfavorable environments for the pathogen and destroying contaminated products. While development of atoxigenic (nonaflatoxin producing) strains of A. flavus as viable commercial biocontrol agents has marked a unique advance for control of aflatoxin contamination, particularly in Africa, new insights into the biology and sexuality of A. flavus are now providing opportunities to design improved atoxigenic strains for sustainable biological control of aflatoxin. Further, progress in the use of molecular technologies such as incorporation of antifungal genes in the host and host-induced gene silencing, is providing knowledge that could be harnessed to develop germplasm that is resistant to infection by A. flavus and aflatoxin contamination. This review summarizes the substantial progress that has been made to understand the biology of A. flavus and mitigate aflatoxin contamination with emphasis on maize. Concepts developed to date can provide a basis for future research efforts on the sustainable management of aflatoxin contamination.
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9.
The validated and sensitive HPLC-DAD method for determination of patulin in strawberries.
Sadok, I, Szmagara, A, Staniszewska, MM
Food chemistry. 2018;:364-370
Abstract
This work outlines HPLC coupled with DAD detection for accurate quantification of patulin (mycotoxin) in strawberries. The optimized extraction of fruit samples through the modified QuEChERS technique in acetonitrile acidified with acetic acid (1%, v/v) and citrate-buffered salts followed by dispersive solid phase extraction using a primary secondary amine and graphitized carbon is described. The method presents LOD and LOQ of 1.5 and 5µg/kg, respectively and has been validated in strawberry matrix at three concentration levels (5, 10 and 50µg/kg), according to SANTE/11945/2015 and the 2002/657/EC Decision requirements. All validated patulin levels show high percentage of patulin recovery. The validation procedure also includes the intermediate precision performed within three successive days in samples spiked with patulin. The developed method was applied for analysis of fresh and frozen strawberries purchased at local markets. Patulin level in analyzed samples was below the level of detection.
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10.
Occurrence and risk assessment of population exposed to deoxynivalenol in foods derived from wheat flour in Brazil.
Silva, MV, Pante, GC, Romoli, JCZ, de Souza, APM, Rocha, GHOD, Ferreira, FD, Feijó, ALR, Moscardi, SMP, de Paula, KR, Bando, E, et al
Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment. 2018;(3):546-554
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most important of the trichothecenes in terms of amounts and occurrence in wheat. This compound was shown to be associated with a glomerulonephropathy involving an increase of immunoglobulin A in humans. This study assessed the occurrence of DON in wheat flour and the exposure of Brazilian teenagers, adults and elderly to this mycotoxin due to intake of wheat flour-based products. DON extraction in wheat flour was carried out by solid phase extraction and the quantification was performed by ultra-high proficiency liquid chromatography with diode-array detection. A total of 77.9% of all samples were positive for DON, with concentrations ranging from 73.50 to 2794.63 µg kg-1. The intake was calculated for the average and 90th percentile of the contamination levels of DON in foods based-wheat for teenagers, adults and elderly in Brazil, and compared with the provisional maximum tolerable daily intakes (PMTDI). Females of all age groups were exposed to DON at higher levels when compared to males in regard of consumption of breads and pastas. Teenagers were the main consumers of foods derived from wheat flour, with maximum probable daily intakes of 1.28 and 1.20 µg kg-1 b.w. day-1 for females and males, respectively. This population is at an increased risk of exposure to DON due to consumption of wheat flour-based foods in Brazil.