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1.
Effect of carbohydrate ingestion during cycling exercise on affective valence and activation in recreational exercisers.
Lee, V, Rutherfurd-Markwick, K, Ali, A
Journal of sports sciences. 2018;(3):340-347
Abstract
Carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion enhances "feel-good" responses during acute exercise but no study has examined the effect of regular ingestion of CHO on affective valence. We investigated the effect of CHO ingestion on perceptual responses and perceived work intensity of individual exercise sessions throughout a 10-week cycling ("spin") exercise intervention. We also assessed whether any changes in affect and/or perceived work intensity would influence health and fitness parameters. Twelve recreational exercisers (46 ± 9 years; nine females and three males) were randomly allocated to either CHO (7.5% CHO; 5 mL · kg-1 per exercise session; n = 6; CHO) or placebo (0% CHO, taste- and volume-matched solution; n = 6; PLA) groups. Participants exercised 2 × 45-min per week, over a 10-week intervention period. Perceptual measures of exertion (RPE), affect (feeling scale, FS) and activation (felt arousal scale, FAS) were assessed after each exercise session. The FAS ratings increased over time in CHO but decreased throughout the intervention in PLA (P = 0.03). There were no differences in heart rate (P = 0.70), RPE (P = 0.05) and FS (P = 0.84) between trials. Furthermore, no changes in health and fitness parameters were observed over time or between groups. CHO ingestion enhanced ratings of activation in recreational exercisers throughout a 10-week cycling intervention.
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Psychostimulant drug effects on glutamate, Glx, and creatine in the anterior cingulate cortex and subjective response in healthy humans.
White, TL, Monnig, MA, Walsh, EG, Nitenson, AZ, Harris, AD, Cohen, RA, Porges, EC, Woods, AJ, Lamb, DG, Boyd, CA, et al
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2018;(7):1498-1509
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Abstract
Prescription psychostimulants produce rapid changes in mood, energy, and attention. These drugs are widely used and abused. However, their effects in human neocortex on glutamate and glutamine (pooled as Glx), and key neurometabolites such as N-acetylaspartate (tNAA), creatine (tCr), choline (Cho), and myo-inositol (Ins) are poorly understood. Changes in these compounds could inform the mechanism of action of psychostimulant drugs and their abuse potential in humans. We investigated the acute impact of two FDA-approved psychostimulant drugs on neurometabolites using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS). Single clinically relevant doses of d-amphetamine (AMP, 20 mg oral), methamphetamine (MA, 20 mg oral; Desoxyn®), or placebo were administered to healthy participants (n = 26) on three separate test days in a placebo-controlled, double-blinded, within-subjects crossover design. Each participant experienced all three conditions and thus served as his/her own control. 1H MRS was conducted in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), an integrative neocortical hub, during the peak period of drug responses (140-150 m post ingestion). D-amphetamine increased the level of Glu (p = .0001), Glx (p = .003), and tCr (p = .0067) in the dACC. Methamphetamine increased Glu in females, producing a significant crossover interaction pattern with gender (p = .02). Drug effects on Glu, tCr, and Glx were positively correlated with subjective drug responses, predicting both the duration of AMP liking (Glu: r = +.49, p = .02; tCr: r = +.41, p = .047) and the magnitude of peak drug high to MA (Glu: r = +.52, p = .016; Glx: r = +.42, p = .049). Neither drug affected the levels of tNAA, Cho, or Ins after correction for multiple comparisons. We conclude that d-amphetamine increased the concentration of glutamate, Glx, and tCr in the dACC in male and female volunteers 21/2 hours after drug consumption. There was evidence that methamphetamine differentially affects dACC Glu levels in women and men. These findings provide the first experimental evidence that specific psychostimulants increase the level of glutamatergic compounds in the human brain, and that glutamatergic changes predict the extent and magnitude of subjective responses to psychostimulants.
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Using acute tryptophan depletion to investigate predictors of treatment response in adolescents with major depressive disorder: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.
Stewart, RM, Hood, SD, Rao, P, Moore, JK, Runions, KC, Murphy, SE, Wong, JWY, Zepf, FD
Trials. 2018;(1):434
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are amongst the most prescribed antidepressants for adolescents with depressive symptoms and major depressive disorder. However, SSRIs have significant shortcomings as a first-line treatment considering that not all patients respond to these antidepressants. Amongst paediatric populations, meta-analyses indicate that up to approximately 40% of patients do not respond, and for those who do show benefit, there is substantial heterogeneity in response onset. The neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) plays a role in the clinical effectiveness and mechanisms of action of SSRIs. However, the exact and complete mechanism of action and reasons for the low response rate to SSRIs in some adolescent populations remains unknown. METHODS To examine SSRI response and the role of 5-HT, this study will employ a randomised double-blind within subject, repeated measures design, recruiting adolescent patients with major depressive disorder. Participants will be subjected to acute tryptophan depletion (ATD) and the balanced control condition on two separate study days within a first study phase (Phase A), and the order in which these conditions (ATD/balanced control condition) occur will be random. This phase will be followed by Phase B, where participants will receive open label pharmacological treatment as usual with the SSRI fluoxetine and followed-up over a 12-week period. DISCUSSION ATD is a neurodietary method typically used to investigate the impact of lowered brain 5-HT synthesis on mood and behaviour. The major hypothesis of this study is that ATD will be negatively associated with mood and cognitive functioning, therefore reflecting individual serotonergic sensitivity and related depressive symptoms. Additionally, we expect the aforementioned effects of ATD administration on mood to predict clinical improvement with regard to overall depressive symptomatology 12 weeks into SSRI treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) ACTRN12616001561471 . Registered on 11 November 2016.
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Volatile Terpenes and Brain Function: Investigation of the Cognitive and Mood Effects of Mentha × Piperita L. Essential Oil with In Vitro Properties Relevant to Central Nervous System Function.
Kennedy, D, Okello, E, Chazot, P, Howes, MJ, Ohiomokhare, S, Jackson, P, Haskell-Ramsay, C, Khan, J, Forster, J, Wightman, E
Nutrients. 2018;(8)
Abstract
Extracts of several members of the monoterpene-rich Lamiaceae sub-family Nepetoideae, including those from the Salvia (sage), Melissa (Lemon balm) and Rosmarinus (rosemary) genera, evince cognitive and mood effects in humans that are potentially related to their effects on cholinergic and GABAergic neurotransmission. To date, despite promising in vitro properties, the cognitive and mood effects of the closely related Mentha spicata (spearmint) and Mentha piperita (peppermint) remain unexplored. This study therefore assessed the human cognitive/mood effects of the M. spicata/piperita essential oil with the most promising, brain-relevant in vitro properties according to pre-trial in vitro screening. Design: Organic spearmint and peppermint (Mentha spicata/piperita) essential oils were pre-screened for neurotransmitter receptor binding and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, balanced cross-over study, 24 participants (mean age 25.2 years) consumed single doses of encapsulated placebo and 50 µl and 100 µl of the most promising essential oil (peppermint with nicotinic/GABAA receptor binding and AChE inhibitory properties, that increased calcium influx in a CAD cell neuronal model). Psychological functioning was assessed with mood scales and a range of standardised, cognitively demanding tasks pre-dose and at 1, 3 and 6 h post-dose. Results: The highest (100 µL) dose of essential oil improved performance on the cognitively demanding Rapid Visual Information Processing task (RVIP) at 1 h and 3 h post-dose and both doses attenuated fatigue and improved performance of the Serial 3 s subtraction task at 3 h post-dose. Conclusion: Peppermint (Mentha piperita) essential oil with high levels of menthol/menthone and characteristic in vitro cholinergic inhibitory, calcium regulatory and GABAA/nicotinic receptor binding properties, beneficially modulated performance on demanding cognitive tasks and attenuated the increase in mental fatigue associated with extended cognitive task performance in healthy adults. Future investigations should consider investigating higher doses.
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The Acute Effects of Caffeinated Black Coffee on Cognition and Mood in Healthy Young and Older Adults.
Haskell-Ramsay, CF, Jackson, PA, Forster, JS, Dodd, FL, Bowerbank, SL, Kennedy, DO
Nutrients. 2018;(10)
Abstract
Cognitive and mood benefits of coffee are often attributed to caffeine. However, emerging evidence indicates behavioural effects of non-caffeine components within coffee, suggesting the potential for direct or synergistic effects of these compounds when consumed with caffeine in regular brewed coffee. The current randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, counterbalanced-crossover study compared the effects of regular coffee, decaffeinated coffee, and placebo on measures of cognition and mood. Age and sex effects were explored by comparing responses of older (61⁻80 years, N = 30) and young (20⁻34 years, N = 29) males and females. Computerised measures of episodic memory, working memory, attention, and subjective state were completed at baseline and 30 min post-drink. Regular coffee produced the expected effects of decreased reaction time and increased alertness when compared to placebo. When compared to decaffeinated coffee, increased digit vigilance accuracy and decreased tiredness and headache ratings were observed. Decaffeinated coffee also increased alertness when compared to placebo. Higher jittery ratings following regular coffee in young females and older males represented the only interaction of sex and age with treatment. These findings suggest behavioural activity of coffee beyond its caffeine content, raising issues with the use of decaffeinated coffee as a placebo and highlighting the need for further research into its psychoactive effects.
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Effect of Multi-Ingredient Supplement Containing Satiereal, Naringin, and Vitamin D on Body Composition, Mood, and Satiety in Overweight Adults.
Gonzalez, AM, Sell, KM, Ghigiarelli, JJ, Spitz, RW, Accetta, MR, Mangine, GT
Journal of dietary supplements. 2018;(6):965-976
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of 28 days of a dietary supplement on body composition, mood, and satiety in overweight adults. Twenty healthy adults (25.5 ± 3.8 years; 87.3 ± 20.7 kg; 169.9 ± 10.6 cm; 29.9 ± 5.1 body mass index) participated in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation. Ten participants were provided with a dietary supplement containing 178 mg satiereal, 100 mg naringin, and 2,000 IU vitamin D3 daily (SUPP), and ten participants were provided a placebo (PL) for 28 days. Baseline (PRE) and post (POST) assessments included body mass, BMI, and waist circumference measures. In addition, participants provided self-reported food records and completed study questionnaires twice weekly. Questionnaires consisted of profile of mood states, visual analog scales, modified trait food-cravings questionnaire, and a modified state food-cravings questionnaire. No significant differences were noted between groups for total calorie or macronutrient intake (p = 0.65-0.92), body mass (p = 0.34), BMI (p = 0.24), or waist circumference measures (p = 0.56-0.94). In addition, no significant differences between groups were observed for mood states, subjective measures of food cravings, or feelings of anxiety, fullness, bloating, hunger, craving, and stress (p >.05). In conclusion, 28 days of a dietary supplement containing satiereal, naringin, and vitamin D3 did not have any detectable beneficial effects on body-weight management.
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Omega-3 supplementation effects on body weight and depression among dieter women with co-morbidity of depression and obesity compared with the placebo: A randomized clinical trial.
Keshavarz, SA, Mostafavi, SA, Akhondzadeh, S, Mohammadi, MR, Hosseini, S, Eshraghian, MR, Chamari, M
Clinical nutrition ESPEN. 2018;:37-43
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to evaluate the effects of the omega-3 supplementation on body weight and depression among women with co-morbidity of depression and obesity seeking weight reduction compared with the placebo. METHODS Sixty five patients with co-morbidity of depression and overweight/obesity (BMI ≥ 25) signed the informed consent form and enrolled into this 12-week double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical Trial. Subsequently, participants randomly assigned into one of the two groups receiving daily 6 capsules of omega-3 (each capsule containing 180 mg EPA, and 120 mg DHA) or 6 capsules of placebo (two with each meal). We performed body composition assessments and Beck depression inventory at the baseline, and weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12 after the start of the study. One month after stopping the capsules at the follow-up visit, weight was measured to compare weight relapse between the two groups. RESULTS Forty five patients finished the study. No significant differences were seen between groups regarding demographic and clinical variables at baseline. Using repeated measures ANOVA, omega-3 significantly reduced depression compared with the placebo (P = 0.05). Mean ± SD weight reduction in omega-3 group 3.07 ± 3.4 kg and in the placebo group was 1.16 ± 2.7 kg and the difference between groups was significant using independent sample t-test (p = 0.049). Patients in the omega-3 group did not show significantly more side effects compared to the placebo but they were not successful in preventing weight regain one month after the end of the study. CONCLUSION Based on our findings omega-3 capsule as a safe over-the-counter supplement might be helpful in reducing the signs of depression and also body weight in patients with co-morbidity of depression and obesity.
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Long-term effects of prolonged-release fampridine in cognitive function, fatigue, mood and quality of life of MS patients: The IGNITE study.
Bakirtzis, C, Konstantinopoulou, E, Langdon, DW, Grigoriadou, E, Minti, F, Nikolaidis, I, Boziki, MK, Tatsi, T, Ioannidis, P, Karapanayiotides, T, et al
Journal of the neurological sciences. 2018;:106-112
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have reported conflicting results regarding the potential benefit of prolonged release (PR) fampridine in other domains besides walking. Moreover, only a small number of studies have explored long- term effects of PR fampridine. The aim of this study was to assess cognitive function, quality of life, mood and fatigue in MS patients treated with fampridine after 6 and 12 months of treatment. METHODS IGNITE was an observational, open label study. Subjects were examined with the timed 25-ft walk (T25FW) and the BICAMS battery and were asked to complete the Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale (MSIS-29), Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and MS International Quality-of-Life questionnaire (MUSIQOL) at baseline and at weeks 24 and 48. Patients were sub-grouped into responders (n:40) and non-responders (n:20) according to T25FW performance after 2 weeks on treatment. RESULTS After 6 months, statistically significant improvement was observed on T25FW (p < .001), SDMT (p < .001) and MSIS29 (p < .001), for responders. After 1 year on treatment, statistically significant improvement was observed in T25FW (p < .001), MSIS29 (p = .004), SDMT (p < .001) and MUSIQOL (p = .03) for responders. There were no statistically significant improvements for the non-responders. CONCLUSIONS PR Fampridine may have a beneficial effect on information processing speed though not on memory. Study data provide some evidence that fampridine treatment may reduce the impact of MS on daily activities and improve quality of life but has no effect on subjective fatigue and mood.
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Effect of resveratrol supplementation on cognitive performance and mood in adults: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Marx, W, Kelly, JT, Marshall, S, Cutajar, J, Annois, B, Pipingas, A, Tierney, A, Itsiopoulos, C
Nutrition reviews. 2018;(6):432-443
Abstract
CONTEXT The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate clinical trial data regarding the effect of resveratrol supplementation on cognitive performance and mood in populations that are healthy and in the clinical setting. DATA SOURCES Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic literature review of randomized controlled trials was conducted. DATA EXTRACTION A meta-analysis was also conducted to determine treatment effect on the following cognitive domains and mental processes: processing speed, number facility, memory, and mood. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias tool. Quality of the body of evidence was assessed by evidence for each outcome related to cognitive function for which data was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). RESULTS Ten studies were included. Three studies found resveratrol supplementation significantly improved some measures of cognitive performance, 2 reported mixed findings, and 5 found no effect. When data were pooled, resveratrol supplementation had a significant effect on delayed recognition (standardized mean difference [SMD], 0.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.08-0.70; I2 = 0%; P = 0.01; n = 3 studies; n = 166 participants) and negative mood (SMD, -0.18; 95%CI, -0.31 to -0.05; I2 = 0%; P = 0.006; n = 3 studies; n = 163 participants). Included studies generally had low risk of bias and were of moderate or high quality. CONCLUSIONS The results of this review indicate that resveratrol supplementation might improve select measures of cognitive performance; however, the current literature is inconsistent and limited.
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Glutamatergic Signaling Drives Ketamine-Mediated Response in Depression: Evidence from Dynamic Causal Modeling.
Gilbert, JR, Yarrington, JS, Wills, KE, Nugent, AC, Zarate, CA
The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology. 2018;(8):740-747
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glutamatergic modulator ketamine has rapid antidepressant effects in individuals with major depressive disorder and bipolar depression. Thus, modulating glutamatergic transmission may be critical to effectively treating depression, though the mechanisms by which this occurs are not fully understood. METHODS This double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled study analyzed data from 18 drug-free major depressive disorder subjects and 18 heathy controls who received a single i.v. infusion of ketamine hydrochloride (0.5 mg/kg) as well as an i.v. saline placebo. Magnetoencephalographic recordings were collected prior to the first infusion and 6 to 9 hours after both ketamine and placebo infusions. During scanning, participants passively received tactile stimulation to the right index finger. Antidepressant response was assessed across timepoints using the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale. Dynamic causal modeling was used to measure changes in α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA)- and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-mediated connectivity estimates in major depressive disorder subjects and controls using a simple model of somatosensory evoked responses. RESULTS Both major depressive disorder and healthy subjects showed ketamine-mediated NMDA-blockade sensitization, with major depressive disorder subjects showing enhanced NMDA connectivity estimates in backward connections and controls showing enhanced NMDA connectivity estimates in forward connections in our model. Within our major depressive disorder subject group, ketamine efficacy, as measured by improved mood ratings, correlated with reduced NMDA and AMPA connectivity estimates in discrete extrinsic connections within the somatosensory cortical network. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that AMPA- and NMDA-mediated glutamatergic signaling play a key role in antidepressant response to ketamine and, further, that dynamic causal modeling is a powerful tool for modeling AMPA- and NMDA-mediated connectivity in vivo. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV: NCT#00088699.