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Daily Intake of Fermented Milk Containing Lactobacillus casei Shirota (Lcs) Modulates Systemic and Upper Airways Immune/Inflammatory Responses in Marathon Runners.
Vaisberg, M, Paixão, V, Almeida, EB, Santos, JMB, Foster, R, Rossi, M, Pithon-Curi, TC, Gorjão, R, Momesso, CM, Andrade, MS, et al
Nutrients. 2019;11(7)
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Athletes undergoing high-intensity efforts show increased incidence of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), both in the context of competitions and during strenuous training. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the daily intake of fermented milk (containing Lactobacillus casei Shirota) on the systemic and upper airway immune/inflammatory responses before and after a race in marathon runners who previously reported upper respiratory symptoms (URS) after an exhaustive physical exercise session. The study is a double-blind randomised clinical study which recruited 42 male amateur marathon runners with an average age of 39 years. The participants were randomly separated into two groups: Lactobacillus casei Shirota group (n=20) or the placebo group (n=22). Results indicate that daily ingestion of fermented milk (containing Lactobacillus casei Shirota) was able to control both immunological and inflammatory responses in the blood and also in the upper airways mucosal of amateurs´ runners after a marathon. Authors conclude that Lactobacillus casei Shirota is able to modulate the systemic and airways immune responses post-marathon, presenting protective effects.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS) can benefit the immune status, the effects of LcS in the immune/inflammatory responses of marathon runners has never been evaluated. Therefore, here we evaluated the effect of daily ingestion of fermented milk containing or not LcS in the systemic and upper airway immune/inflammatory responses before and after a marathon. METHODS Forty-two male marathon runners ingested a fermented milk containing 40 billion of LcS/day (LcS group, n = 20) or placebo (unfermented milk, n = 22) during 30 days pre-marathon. Immune/inflammatory parameters in nasal mucosa and serum, as well as concentrations of secretory IgA (SIgA) and antimicrobial peptides in saliva, were evaluated before and after fermented milk ingestion, immediately, 72 h, and 14 d post-marathon. RESULTS Higher proinflammatory cytokine levels in serum and nasal mucosa, and also lower salivary levels of SIgA and antimicrobial peptides, were found immediately post-marathon in the placebo group compared to other time points and to LcS group. In opposite, higher anti-inflammatory levels and reduced neutrophil infiltration on nasal mucosa were found in the LcS group compared to other time points and to the placebo group. CONCLUSION For the first time, it is shown that LcS is able to modulate the systemic and airways immune responses post-marathon.
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Lifestyle factors and visceral adipose tissue: Results from the PREDIMED-PLUS study.
Galmes-Panades, AM, Konieczna, J, Abete, I, Colom, A, Rosique-Esteban, N, Zulet, MA, Vázquez, Z, Estruch, R, Vidal, J, Toledo, E, et al
PloS one. 2019;14(1):e0210726
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Excess visceral adipose tissue (VAT, abdominal fat) is a risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus and all cause mortality. Lifestyle factors, including diet and physical activity, are associated with VAT. This cross-sectional study evaluated the association between different levels of physical activity (PA), adherence to an energy-restricted Mediterranean diet and sedentary lifestyle with VAT in older people with overweight/obesity and metabolic syndrome. Data were taken from an ongoing randomised study evaluating the effect of a weight loss programme based on an energy-restricted Mediterranean diet, promotion of physical activity and behavioural support compared to usual care consisting of advice on an energy-unrestricted Mediterranean diet only. Total and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and muscle strength were inversely, and sedentary behaviour was positively associated with VAT. There was no statistically significant association between VAT and light exercise, adherence to the energy-reduced Mediterranean diet and watching TV.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is a strong predictor of cardiometabolic health, and lifestyle factors may have a positive influence on VAT depot. This study aimed to assess the cross-sectional associations between baseline levels of physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviours (SB) and adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) with VAT depot in older individuals with overweight/obesity and metabolic syndrome. METHODS Baseline data of the PREDIMED-Plus study including a sample of 1,231 Caucasian men and women aged 55-75 years were used. Levels of leisure-time PA (total, light, and moderate-to-vigorous, in METs·min/day) and SB (total and TV-viewing, in h/day) were evaluated using validated questionnaires. Adherence to the MedDiet was evaluated using a 17-item energy-restricted MedDiet (erMedDiet) screener. The chair-stand test was used to estimate the muscle strength. VAT depot was assessed with DXA-CoreScan. Multivariable adjusted linear regression models were used to evaluate the association between lifestyle factors and VAT. For the statistics we had used multiadjusted linear regression models. RESULTS Total leisure-time PA (100 METs·min/day: β -24.3g, -36.7;-11.9g), moderate-to-vigorous PA (β -27.8g, 95% CI -40.8;-14.8g), chair-stand test (repeat: β -11.5g, 95% CI -20.1;-2.93g) were inversely associated, and total SB (h/day: β 38.2g, 95% CI 14.7;61.7) positively associated with VAT. Light PA, TV-viewing time and adherence to an erMedDiet were not significantly associated with VAT. CONCLUSIONS In older adults with overweigh/obesity and metabolic syndrome, greater PA, muscle strength, and lower total SB were associated with less VAT depot. In this study, adherence to an erMedDiet was not associated with lower VAT.
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Moderate Physical Activity Mediates the Association between White Matter Lesion Volume and Memory Recall in Breast Cancer Survivors.
Cooke, GE, Wetter, NC, Banducci, SE, Mackenzie, MJ, Zuniga, KE, Awick, EA, Roberts, SA, Sutton, BP, McAuley, E, Kramer, AF
PloS one. 2016;11(2):e0149552
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As survival rates of breast cancer increase, the long-term cognitive effects of disease and required treatment are emerging. The underlying pathways of cancer-related cognitive impairment involve accelerated aging of the brain, low levels of physical activity and decreased cognitive function, however these links have not been adequately explored. The aim of this study was to investigate the link between physical activity, white matter lesion volume and cognition in 30 breast cancer survivors and 28 age-matched controls. The results of this study showed that brain structure significantly predicted cognitive function. This study provided evidence suggesting that moderate physical activity may help reduce the treatment related risks associated with breast cancer.
Abstract
Increased survival rates among breast cancer patients have drawn significant attention to consequences of both the presence of cancer, and the subsequent treatment-related impact on the brain. The incidence of breast cancer and the effects of treatment often result in alterations in the microstructure of white matter and impaired cognitive functioning. However, physical activity is proving to be a successful modifiable lifestyle factor in many studies that could prove beneficial to breast cancer survivors. This study investigates the link between white matter lesion volume, moderate physical activity, and cognition in breast cancer survivors following treatment compared to non-cancer age-matched controls. Results revealed that brain structure significantly predicted cognitive function via mediation of physical activity in breast cancer survivors. Overall, the study provided preliminary evidence suggesting moderate physical activity may help reduce the treatment related risks associated with breast cancer, including changes to WM integrity and cognitive impairment.
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Physiologic and behavioral indicators of energy deficiency in female adolescent runners with elevated bone turnover.
Barrack, MT, Van Loan, MD, Rauh, MJ, Nichols, JF
The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2010;92(3):652-9
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Young female runners are more likely to have a low bone mass for their age. It is thought that this might be partly due to them using more energy (calories) than they consume. This study looked at the relationship between nutrition intake and biomarkers of bone turnover in young female runners. Participants were competitive cross-country runners, aged 14-17. The girls ate their usual diet and kept a food diary for a week, to allow the researchers to analyse their nutritional intakes. Runners that had an elevated bone turnover consumed significantly less calories and calcium than the runners with a normal bone turnover. They were also more likely to have a lower body mass, fewer menstrual cycles, lower oestrogen and vitamin D levels, lower BMI and lower bone mass. The authors concluded that nutritional support to increase energy and calcium intake, and vitamin D levels may improve bone growth in young female runners.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female adolescent runners have an elevated prevalence of low bone mass for agemdashan outcome that may be partially due to inadequate energy intake. OBJECTIVE The objective was to evaluate diet, menstrual history, serum hormone concentrations, and bone mass in female adolescent runners with normal or abnormal bone turnover. DESIGN Thirty-nine cross-country runners (age: 15.7 plusmn 0.2 y) participated in the study, which included a 7-d dietary assessment with the use of a food record and daily 24-h dietary recalls; serum measures of insulin-like growth factor I, estradiol, leptin, parathyroid hormone, progesterone, triiodothyronine, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), and cross-linked C-telopeptides of type I collagen (CTX); an evaluation of height, weight, bone mass, and body composition with the use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; and a questionnaire to assess menses and sports participation. Age- and sex-specific BAP and CTX concentrations of at least the 97th percentile and no greater than the third percentile, respectively, were considered abnormal. RESULTS All abnormal BAP and CTX concentrations fell within the elevated ( ge 97%) range. Runners with an elevated bone turnover (EBT) (n = 13) had a lower body mass, fewer menstrual cycles in the past year, lower estradiol and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentrations, and a higher prevalence of body mass index lt 10% for age, vitamin D insufficiency, amenorrhea, and low bone mass. Girls with EBT consumed less than the recommended amounts of energy and had a higher prevalence of consuming lt 1300 mg Ca than did those with normal bone turnover. CONCLUSIONS Runners with EBT had a profile consistent with energy deficiency. Nutritional support to increase energy, calcium intake, and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentrations may improve bone mineral accrual in young runners with EBT. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01059968.