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Adipose tissue inflammation in breast cancer survivors: effects of a 16-week combined aerobic and resistance exercise training intervention.
Dieli-Conwright, CM, Parmentier, JH, Sami, N, Lee, K, Spicer, D, Mack, WJ, Sattler, F, Mittelman, SD
Breast cancer research and treatment. 2018;168(1):147-157
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Obese breast cancer patients have double the mortality compared to non-obese patients. This is thought to be mediated by low grade inflammation of the adipose (fat) tissue. The main type of immune cells involved in the process are called adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs), of which there are two types: M1 and M2 ATMs, with the M2 ATMs having a mostly anti-inflammatory effect, whilst the M1 ATMs are more pro-inflammatory and are thought to promote cancer growth and recurrence. This 16-week randomised pilot study assessed whether exercise can positively influence adipose tissue inflammation in breast cancer survivors. Participants were randomised to either an exercise (EX) group, who had three supervised exercise sessions per week with a combination of aerobic and resistance exercise, or a control (CON) group. Outcome measures included body composition, blood biomarkers for systemic inflammation and adipose tissue biopsies which were analysed for tissue inflammatory markers, including M1 and M2 ATMs. The EX group had significant improvements in body weight and composition, as well as in metabolic blood parameters (including those for lipid and glucose metabolism) and inflammatory markers, whilst the CON group experienced a worsening of these parameters. The EX participants also had a decrease in the pro-inflammatory M1 ATMs and an increase in the anti-inflammatory M2 ATMs. The authors state that the results were not only statistically, but also clinically significant. The authors conclude that moderate-to-vigorous intensity resistance and aerobic exercise can improve adipose tissue inflammation in obese breast cancer survivors.
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity is a leading modifiable contributor to breast cancer mortality due to its association with increased recurrence and decreased overall survival rate. Obesity stimulates cancer progression through chronic, low-grade inflammation in white adipose tissue, leading to accumulation of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs), in particular, the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype macrophage. Exercise has been shown to reduce M1 ATMs and increase the more anti-inflammatory M2 ATMs in obese adults. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a 16-week exercise intervention would positively alter ATM phenotype in obese postmenopausal breast cancer survivors. METHODS Twenty obese postmenopausal breast cancer survivors were randomized to a 16-week aerobic and resistance exercise (EX) intervention or delayed intervention control (CON). The EX group participated in 16 weeks of supervised exercise sessions 3 times/week. Participants provided fasting blood, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and superficial subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue biopsies at baseline and following the 16-week study period. RESULTS EX participants experienced significant improvements in body composition, cardiometabolic biomarkers, and systemic inflammation (all p < 0.03 vs. CON). Adipose tissue from EX participants showed a significant decrease in ATM M1 (p < 0.001), an increase in ATM M2 (p < 0.001), increased adipose tissue secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as adiponectin, and decreased secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF- α (all p < 0.055). CONCLUSIONS A 16-week aerobic and resistance exercise intervention attenuates adipose tissue inflammation in obese postmenopausal breast cancer survivors. Future large randomized trials are warranted to investigate the impact of exercise-induced reductions in adipose tissue inflammation and breast cancer recurrence.
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The effect of a short-term low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet with or without postmeal walks on glycemic control and inflammation in type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial.
Myette-Côté, É, Durrer, C, Neudorf, H, Bammert, TD, Botezelli, JD, Johnson, JD, DeSouza, CA, Little, JP
American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology. 2018;315(6):R1210-R1219
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Inflammation is associated with the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and related complications. Lifestyle therapy is a frontline treatment for improving glucose control in people with T2D. The main aim of this study was to determine whether reducing hyperglycaemia with a low-carbohydrate high-fat (LC) diet could lower markers of innate immune cell activation and systemic inflammation in people with T2D. A secondary aim was to examine if the combination of an LCHF diet with strategically timed postmeal walking was superior to an LCHF diet alone. The study is a randomised cross over study which enrolled Individuals with physician-diagnosed T2D to complete three short-term controlled-intervention periods. Sixteen participants were enrolled (men = 8 and women = 8) who were aged between 48 and 72 years. Results indicate that while LC and LC together with exercise (LC+Ex) led to superior improvements in glucose control and fasting proinsulin (the pro-hormone precursor to insulin) levels as compared with low-fat low glycaemic index diet (GL), all three diets (GL, LC and LC+Ex), appeared to lower a particular marker of cellular inflammation over the short-term. Authors conclude that an LCHF diet with or without daily postmeal walks improved four-day glycaemic control and fasting proinsulin levels compared with a GL diet.
Abstract
Lowering carbohydrate consumption effectively lowers glucose, but impacts on inflammation are unclear. The objectives of this study were to: 1) determine whether reducing hyperglycemia by following a low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LC) diet could lower markers of innate immune cell activation in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and 2) examine if the combination of an LC diet with strategically timed postmeal walking was superior to an LC diet alone. Participants with T2D ( n = 11) completed a randomized crossover study involving three 4-day diet interventions: 1) low-fat low-glycemic index (GL), 2) and 3) LC with 15-min postmeal walks (LC+Ex). Four-day mean glucose was significantly lower in the LC+Ex group as compared with LC (-5%, P < 0.05), whereas both LC+Ex (-16%, P < 0.001) and LC (-12%, P < 0.001) conditions were lower than GL. A significant main effect of time was observed for peripheral blood mononuclear cells phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase ( P < 0.001), with decreases in all three conditions (GL: -32%, LC: -45%, and LC+Ex: -44%). A significant condition by time interaction was observed for monocyte microparticles ( P = 0.040) with a significant decrease in GL (-76%, P = 0.035) and a tendency for a reduction in LC (-70%, P = 0.064), whereas there was no significant change in LC+Ex (0.5%, P = 0.990). Both LC (-27%, P = 0.001) and LC+Ex (-35%, P = 0.005) also led to significant reductions in circulating proinsulin. An LC diet improved 4-day glycemic control and fasting proinsulin levels when compared with GL, with added glucose-lowering benefits when LC was combined with postmeal walking.
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Prevalence and determinants of physical activity in a mixed sample of psychiatric patients in Saudi Arabia.
Alosaimi, FD, Abalhasan, MF, Alhabbad, AA, Fallata, EO, Haddad, BA, AlQattan, NI, Alassiry, MZ
Saudi medical journal. 2018;39(4):401-411
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Physical activity has been shown to considerably reduce the burden of several non-communicable disorders (are diseases of long duration and generally slow progression), such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and breast and colon cancers. The aim of the study is to estimate the prevalence of physical activity among a mixed group of patients with psychiatric illnesses in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, the study sought to evaluate the associations between physical activity, patients with different psychiatric diagnoses and the use of psychotropic medications. The study is a cross-sectional observational study that recruited 1185 patients seeking psychiatric advice, with an average age of 38.0±13.0 years. Results indicate a low prevalence of physical activity in a large, mixed sample of patients with psychiatric illnesses in both inpatient and outpatient settings in Saudi Arabia. Authors conclude that physical activity levels vary according to the type of psychiatric disease and the medications used. They outline that it is important to assess the physical activity status in patients with psychiatric illnesses and promote physical activity programs among psychiatric patients.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate prevalence of physical activity and its associations with various psychiatric disorders and the use of psychotropic medications. METHODS A cross-sectional observational study was carried out between July 2012 and June 2014. Patients were enrolled from a number of hospitals located in 5 regions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. RESULTS A total of 1185 patients were included in current analysis: 796 were outpatients, and 389 were inpatients. Out of 1,185 patients, 153 (12.9%) were physically active. Much higher rates of physical activity were reported among males than females (15.9% versus 9.6%, p less than 0.001). According to the univariate analysis, higher rates of physical activity were positively correlated with primary bipolar disorders, the use of antianxiety medications and, to a lesser extent, use of antipsychotic medications, but they were negatively correlated with primary anxiety disorders, use of antidepressant medications, and use of multiple psychotropic medications. The associations between physical activity and primary bipolar disorders (odds ratio [OR]=2.47, p=0.002), use of antianxiety medications (OR=3.58, p=0.003), and use of multiple psychotropic medications (OR=0.33, p less than 0.001) remained significant after adjusting for demographic and clinical characteristics. CONCLUSION We report a variable but generally low prevalence of physical activity among a large, mixed sample of psychiatric patients in Saudi Arabia. These findings may highlight the importance of assessing physical activity status of psychiatric patients and the critical need for physical activity promotion programs among this group of disadvantaged patients.
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Carbohydrate restriction with postmeal walking effectively mitigates postprandial hyperglycemia and improves endothelial function in type 2 diabetes.
Francois, ME, Myette-Cote, E, Bammert, TD, Durrer, C, Neudorf, H, DeSouza, CA, Little, JP
American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology. 2018;314(1):H105-H113
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Prevention of cardiovascular disease in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a major treatment goal. Within this, diet and exercise remain the cornerstone lifestyle therapies. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of 4 days of a low-carbohydrate diet, with or without daily post-meal walking, on vascular health in individuals with T2D. The study recruited sixteen individuals with physician-diagnosed T2D to complete 3 short-term controlled intervention periods in a randomised crossover design. Results indicate that attenuating postprandial hyperglycaemia (a very high rise in blood sugar following a meal) by restricting carbohydrates and post-meal walking can improve vascular health in individuals with T2D. Authors conclude that carbohydrate restriction and post-meal exercise may represent an effective strategy to mitigate the negative effects of postprandial hyperglycaemia and reduce cardiovascular disease risk in individuals with T2D.
Abstract
Postprandial hyperglycemia has deleterious effects on endothelial function. Restricting carbohydrate intake and postmeal walking have each been shown to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia, but their combination and subsequent effects on endothelial function have not been investigated. Here, we sought to examine the effect of blunting postprandial hyperglycemia by following a low-carbohydrate diet, with or without postmeal walking exercise, on markers of vascular health in type 2 diabetes (T2D). In a randomized crossover design, individuals with T2D ( n = 11) completed three 4-day controlled diet interventions consisting of 1) low-carbohydrate diet alone (LC), 2) low-carbohydrate diet with 15-min postmeal walks (LC + Ex), and 3) low-fat control diet (CON). Fasting blood samples and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (%FMD) were measured before and after each intervention. Total circulating microparticles (MPs), endothelial MPs, platelet MPs, monocyte-platelet aggregates, and adhesion molecules were assessed as biomarkers of vascular health. There was a significant condition × time interaction for %FMD ( P = 0.01), with post hoc tests revealing improved %FMD after LC + Ex (+0.8 ± 1.0%, P = 0.02), with no change after LC or CON. Endothelial MPs were significantly reduced with the LC diet by ~45% (from 99 ± 60 to 44 ± 31 MPs/μl, P = 0.02), with no change after LC + Ex or CON (interaction: P = 0.04). Total MPs were lower (main effect time: P = 0.02), whereas monocyte-platelet aggregates were higher (main effect time: P < 0.01) after all interventions. Plasma adhesion molecules and C-reactive protein were unaltered. Attenuating postprandial hyperglycemic excursions using a low-carbohydrate diet combined with postmeal walking appears to be an effective strategy to improve endothelial function in individuals with T2D. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Carbohydrate restriction and postmeal walking lower postprandial hyperglycemia in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Here, we show that the combination significantly improved endothelial function and that carbohydrate restriction alone reduced circulating endothelial microparticles in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Listen to this article's corresponding podcast at http://ajpheart.podbean.com/e/low-carb-diet-and-exercise-improve-endothelial-health/ .
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Chronic Ketogenic Low Carbohydrate High Fat Diet Has Minimal Effects on Acid-Base Status in Elite Athletes.
Carr, AJ, Sharma, AP, Ross, ML, Welvaert, M, Slater, GJ, Burke, LM
Nutrients. 2018;10(2)
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The low-fat, high-carbohydrate ketogenic diet has recently been applied to the context of elite athletes to observe potential impact on performance and metabolism during exercise and rest. The aim to this study was to assess the effect of a long-term ketogenic diet on the acid-base status in elite athletes, particularly investigating whether sustained diet change caused alterations in overall acid production. Twenty-one athletes were assigned to a high carbohydrate diet, low carbohydrate diet and periodised carbohydrate availability diet for three sustained weeks. Acid-base balance was measured via blood samples at baseline and post-intervention. The main finding of this study was that a sustained ketogenic diet had no influence of acid-base status. Based on these results, the authors conclude that long-term manipulation of macronutrient intake is unlikely to influence acid-base status in this population. It is also noted that elite athletes may have an increased buffering capacity compared with the general population, and that further research should be done in different participant populations.
Abstract
Although short (up to 3 days) exposure to major shifts in macronutrient intake appears to alter acid-base status, the effects of sustained (>1 week) interventions in elite athletes has not been determined. Using a non-randomized, parallel design, we examined the effect of adaptations to 21 days of a ketogenic low carbohydrate high fat (LCHF) or periodized carbohydrate (PCHO) diet on pre- and post-exercise blood pH, and concentrations of bicarbonate (HCO₃-) and lactate (La-) in comparison to a high carbohydrate (HCHO) control. Twenty-four (17 male and 7 female) elite-level race walkers completed 21 days of either LCHF (n = 9), PCHO (n = 7), or HCHO (n = 8) under controlled diet and training conditions. At baseline and post-intervention, blood pH, blood [HCO₃-], and blood [La-] were measured before and after a graded exercise test. Net endogenous acid production (NEAP) over the previous 48-72 h was also calculated from monitored dietary intake. LCHF was not associated with significant differences in blood pH, [HCO₃-], or [La-], compared with the HCHO diet pre- or post-exercise, despite a significantly higher NEAP (mEq·day-1) (95% CI = [10.44; 36.04]). Our results indicate that chronic dietary interventions are unlikely to influence acid-base status in elite athletes, which may be due to pre-existing training adaptations, such as an enhanced buffering capacity, or the actions of respiratory and renal pathways, which have a greater influence on regulation of acid-base status than nutritional intake.
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Inflammation and glucose homeostasis are associated with specific structural features among adults without knee osteoarthritis: a cross-sectional study from the osteoarthritis initiative.
Stout, AC, Barbe, MF, Eaton, CB, Amin, M, Al-Eid, F, Price, LL, Lu, B, Lo, GH, Zhang, M, Pang, J, et al
BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2018;19(1):1
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Individuals with osteoarthritis (OA) typically present with greater systemic inflammation and impaired glucose homeostasis. Currently it is unclear whether these factors are associated with early-stage OA, namely bone marrow lesions and swelling. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the role of inflammation and glucose homeostasis in early-stage OA. Using baseline data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative, 343 participants were enrolled and tested for markers of inflammation and impaired glucose homeostasis. Bone marrow lesions and swelling were also assessed through imaging results. Results indicate that among individuals without OA, those with greater systemic inflammation were more likely to have bone marrow lesions and knee swelling. According to these results, the authors conclude that systemic inflammation and glucose homeostasis are related to structural features of osteoarthritis. Future studies should explore whether these factors are predictive of OA in order to identify therapeutic targets to prevent or delay the onset of knee OA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Greater age and body mass index are strong risk factors for osteoarthritis (OA). Older and overweight individuals may be more susceptible to OA because these factors alter tissue turnover in menisci, articular cartilage, and bone via altered glucose homeostasis and inflammation. Understanding the role of inflammation and glucose homeostasis on structural features of early-stage OA may help identify therapeutic targets to delay or prevent the onset of OA among subsets of adults with these features. We examined if serum concentrations of glucose homeostasis (glucose, glycated serum protein [GSP]) or inflammation (C-reactive protein [CRP]) were associated with prevalent knee bone marrow lesions (BMLs) or effusion among adults without knee OA. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study using baseline data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative. We selected participants who had no radiographic knee OA but were at high risk for knee OA. Blinded staff conducted assays for CRP, GSP, and glucose. Readers segmented BML volume and effusion using semi-automated programs. Our outcomes were prevalent BML (knee with a BML volume > 1 cm3) and effusion (knee with an effusion volume > 7.5 cm3). We used logistic regression models with CRP, GSP, or glucose concentrations as the predictors. We adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) scores. RESULTS We included 343 participants: mean age = 59 ± 9 years, BMI = 27.9 ± 4.5 kg/m2, PASE score = 171 ± 82, and 64% female. Only CRP was associated with BML prevalence (odds ratio [OR] = 1.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09 to 1.87). For effusion, we found an interaction between BMI and CRP: only among adults with a BMI <25 kg/m2 was there a significant trend towards a positive association between CRP and effusion (OR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.00 to 1.97). We detected a U-shaped relationship between GSP and effusion prevalence. Fasting glucose levels were not significantly associated with the presence of baseline effusion or BML. CONCLUSIONS Among individuals without knee OA, CRP may be related to the presence of BMLs and effusion among normal weight individuals. Abnormal GSP may be associated with effusion. Future studies should explore whether inflammation and glucose homeostasis are predictive of symptomatic knee OA.
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The effect of chronic soluble keratin supplementation in physically active individuals on body composition, blood parameters and cycling performance.
Crum, EM, McLeay, YD, Barnes, MJ, Stannard, SR
Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2018;15(1):47
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Keratins are proteins with favourable amino acid composition but its low digestibility means that much of the nutrients are not available to the body. In rats, keratins have had an impact on blood profiles - namely, increases in haematocrit (Hct) and haemoglobin (Hb) content. If this was reproduced in humans, it may have positive effects on athletic performance by increasing oxygen transport and increases in lean mass. The main objective of this study was to compare the effects of keratin protein on body composition, blood and cardiorespiratory factors and cycling performance in 15 endurance athletes over a period of four weeks. The study used a randomised, blinded, balanced crossover design. The authors suggested that keratin did result in a significant increase in lean mass, mainly in the lower limbs. When compared to supplementation with the same amount of casein, there were no significant differences between treatments in any of the measured blood or cardiorespiratory parameters. The authors concluded that the amino acid profile of the keratin protein may be valuable in increasing lean body mass, but there are no published literature as yet apart from this study.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keratins are structural, thiol-rich proteins, which comprise 90% of total poultry feather weight. Their favourable amino acid profile suggests the potential for use as a protein source and ergogenic aid for endurance athletes, following treatment to increase digestibility. This study investigated whether 4 weeks of soluble keratin (KER) consumption (0.8 g/kg bodyweight/day) by 15 endurance-trained males would have favourable effects on body composition, blood and cardiorespiratory variables, and cycling performance, compared to casein protein (CAS). METHODS Supplementation was randomized, blinded and balanced, with a minimum eight-week washout period between trials. An exercise test to measure oxygen consumption during submaximal and maximal cycling exercise was completed at the start at and end of each intervention. Anthropometric (DEXA) and blood measures were made prior to and following each intervention period. RESULTS Total body mass and percentage body fat did not change significantly (p > 0.05). However, a significantly greater increase in bone-free lean mass (LM) occurred with KER compared to CAS (0.88 kg vs 0.07 kg; p < 0.05). While no change in LM was evident for the trunk and arms, leg LM increased (0.45 ± 0.54 kg; p = 0.006) from baseline with KER. KER was not associated with changes in blood parameters, oxygen consumption, or exercise performance (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that KER is not useful as an ergogenic aid for endurance athletes but may be a suitable protein supplement for maximizing increases in lean body mass.
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Enhanced 400-m sprint performance in moderately trained participants by a 4-day alkalizing diet: a counterbalanced, randomized controlled trial.
Limmer, M, Eibl, AD, Platen, P
Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2018;15(1):25
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Alkaline diets and supplements have recently gained attention as a means to bring balance to the overly acidic Western diet. While the effects of the acid-base balance of diets on high-intensity athletic performance have not yet been extensively researched, it is hypothesised an acidizing diet can reduce exercise performance during anaerobic activities. The aim of this randomised, single-blind, crossover trial was to investigate the influence of an acidising or alkalising diet on 400-m sprint performance among 14 moderately trained students. Participants completed a baseline 400-m sprint and were then randomised to consume either an acidising or alkalising diet for four days. Each intervention period concluded with a 400-m sprint and a three-day washout period. Blood lactate concentrations, blood gas parameters and urinary pH were measured to determine extracellular buffering capacity. This study found the alkalising diet improved 400-m sprint time and higher blood lactate significantly compared with the acidising diet. Blood pH values remained unchanged between groups. Based in these results, the authors conclude it is possible to improve anaerobic exercise performance through alkalisation through diet rather than supplementation.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) is an alkalizing agent and its ingestion is used to improve anaerobic performance. However, the influence of alkalizing nutrients on anaerobic exercise performance remains unclear. Therefore, the present study investigated the influence of an alkalizing versus acidizing diet on 400-m sprint performance, blood lactate, blood gas parameters, and urinary pH in moderately trained adults. METHODS In a randomized crossover design, eleven recreationally active participants (8 men, 3 women) aged 26.0 ± 1.7 years performed one trial under each individual's unmodified diet and subsequently two trials following either 4 days of an alkalizing (BASE) or acidizing (ACID) diet. Trials consisted of 400-m runs at intervals of 1 week on a tartan track in a randomized order. RESULTS We found a significantly lower 400-m performance time for the BASE trial (65.8 ± 7.2 s) compared with the ACID trial (67.3 ± 7.1 s; p = 0.026). In addition, responses were significantly higher following the BASE diet for blood lactate (BASE: 16.3 ± 2.7; ACID 14.4 ± 2.1 mmol/L; p = 0.32) and urinary pH (BASE: 7.0 ± 0.7; ACID 5.5 ± 0.7; p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that a short-term alkalizing diet may improve 400-m performance time in moderately trained participants. Additionally, we found higher blood lactate concentrations under the alkalizing diet, suggesting an enhanced blood or muscle buffer capacity. Thus, an alkalizing diet may be an easy and natural way to enhance 400-m sprint performance for athletes without the necessity of taking artificial dietary supplements.
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The Association between Mediterranean Diet and the Risk of Falls and Physical Function Indices in Older Type 2 Diabetic People Varies by Age.
Tepper, S, Alter Sivashensky, A, Rivkah Shahar, D, Geva, D, Cukierman-Yaffe, T
Nutrients. 2018;10(6)
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Diabetes is associated with high risk for disability, and accelerated rate of decline in physical capacity. The aim of the study is to examine whether a higher adherence to a Mediterranean Diet in a Mediterranean country is associated with walking speed, better physical function and decreased risk for falls. This cross-sectional study includes data of 117 individuals, of which 40% were females, with Type 2 diabetes aged over 60 years. Results indicate that those individuals with a higher adherence to the Mediterranean Diet were at lower risk for falls and had greater muscle strength. The relationship between physical performance measured by walking speed, walking distance and Mediterranean Diet differed by age. Authors conclude that there is an association between the balances indices, risk for falls, muscle strength, aerobic capacity, and Mediterranean Diet among 60+ individuals with diabetes.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Diabetes and dysglycemia increase the risk of frailty and decreased physical abilities. Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MD) may reduce this risk. We hypothesized that adherence to the MD is associated with physical function in older type-2 diabetic patients and that the association is stratified by age. METHODS AND RESULTS We recruited type-2 diabetes patients aged >60 years at the Center for Successful Aging with Diabetes at Sheba Medical Center. Health status and demographic data were obtained from medical records. Food Frequency Questionnaire was used for nutritional assessment and calculation of MD score. Physical function indices were determined by a physiotherapist and included: Berg Balance test, Timed Get-Up-and-Go, 6-min walk (6 MW), 10-m walk (10 MW), Four Square Step Test, 30-s chair stand and Grip strength, and activities and instrumental activities of daily living. Among 117 participants (age 70.6 ± 6.5), high adherence to MD was associated with better score on functional tests (low vs. high MD adherence: 9.7% vs. 25%, ANOVA p = 0.02). A significant age by MD interaction was found: a higher adherence to MD was associated with a better 6 MW (low vs. high: 387 ± 35 m vs. 483 ± 26 m; p = 0.001) and higher 10 MW (low vs. high: 1.8 ± 0.16 m/s vs. 2.0 ± 0.13 m/s; p = 0.02) in participants aged >75 years. These associations remained significant after controlling for gender, age, BMI, and physical activity. CONCLUSION In the current study, we showed relationships between strength, physical performance, and MD among older diabetic patients. Future studies are needed to confirm this association and establish temporal relationships.
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A low-dose, 6-week bovine colostrum supplementation maintains performance and attenuates inflammatory indices following a Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test in soccer players.
Kotsis, Y, Mikellidi, A, Aresti, C, Persia, E, Sotiropoulos, A, Panagiotakos, DB, Antonopoulou, S, Nomikos, T
European journal of nutrition. 2018;57(3):1181-1195
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In elite athletes, recovery time between matches is often suboptimal. Since exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) can determine the duration of the recovery period, several strategies have been explored to reduce recovery time by attenuating EIMD. The aim of this placebo-controlled, double-blind randomised trial was to examine the effect of a long-term, low-dose bovine colostrum (BC) supplementation on EIMD and performance in 18 elite soccer players. To set a baseline, all participants completed the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST), a fitness test that simulates the activity pattern of a soccer match, and muscle damage indices were monitored for 72 hours post-exercise. Subjects were then randomised to consume either BC or whey as placebo daily for 6 weeks, and complete the LIST post-intervention with the same indices monitored. This study found that BC helped maintain performance and attenuate post-exercise inflammatory markers compared to whey. Based on these results, the authors conclude a low-dose of BC may reduce post-exercise EIMD and help enhance muscle recovery during a soccer match.
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of a 6-week, low-dose bovine colostrum (BC) supplementation on exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) and performance decline in soccer players following the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) during a competitive season period. METHODS In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design, two groups of soccer players were allocated to a 3.2 g/day of whey protein (WP, N = 8) or BC (N = 10) and performed a pre- and a post-supplementation LIST. Maximum isometric voluntary contraction, squat jump (SQJ), countermovement jump, muscle soreness, blood cell counts, creatine kinase (CK), C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were monitored for 2, 24, 48, 72 h post-LIST. RESULTS LIST induced transient increases in leukocytes, granulocytes, CK, muscle soreness, CRP, IL-6 and declines in lymphocytes and performance indices. Supplementation resulted in a faster recovery of SQJ, CK and CRP compared to pre-supplementation kinetics (trial × time: p = 0.001, 0.056, 0.014, respectively) and lower incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for IL-6, only in the BC group [pre-: 31.1 (6.78-46.9), post-: 14.0 (-0.16 to 23.5) pg h/ml, p = 0.034]. Direct comparison of the two groups after supplementation demonstrated higher iAUC of SQJ [WP: -195.2 (-229.0 to (-52.5)), BC: -15.8 (-93.2 to 16.8) cm h, p = 0.034], a trend for lower iAUC of CK in the BC group [WP: 18,785 (4651-41,357), BC: 8842 (4807-14,802) U h/L, p = 0.081] and a significant intervention × time interaction for CRP (p = 0.038) in favor of BC. CONCLUSIONS Post-exercise EIMD may be reduced and performance better maintained by a low dose of BC administration following LIST in soccer players.