-
1.
Comprehensive Nutritional and Dietary Intervention for Autism Spectrum Disorder-A Randomized, Controlled 12-Month Trial.
Adams, JB, Audhya, T, Geis, E, Gehn, E, Fimbres, V, Pollard, EL, Mitchell, J, Ingram, J, Hellmers, R, Laake, D, et al
Nutrients. 2018;10(3)
-
-
-
Free full text
Plain language summary
People with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often have significant nutritional deficiencies, metabolic imbalances, and digestive problems. Many studies have previously looked at individual nutrients for ASD. This study was designed to look at the accumulative effect of using a wide range of dietary and nutritional interventions, including vitamin and mineral supplements, essential fatty acids, Epsom salt baths, carnitine, digestive enzymes, and a gluten-free, casein-free, soy-free (HGCSF) diet. The objective being to see if combining multiple interventions for a 12-month period, had greater benefits versus single nutrient interventions, and shorter trials. This US study recruited a wide age range of participants from 3-58yrs because it targeted, and was funded, by family groups of the Autism Society of Greater Phoenix. The study was deliberately single-blinded (meaning the participants knew what they were being given, but the clinical evaluators did not), as it was thought this would be more compelling and lead to less dropouts, especially considering the 12-month timing. In total 67 participants with ASD were recruited and 50 controls. Blood and urine samples were taking at the beginning and end of the study alongside autism severity assessments. Results showed an improvement in nutrient profiles for vitamins, minerals, fatty acids and carnitine alongside a significant decrease in homocysteine. There was an improvement in non-verbal IG test and cognitive function, and gastro-intestinal symptoms. There were no significant differences in complete blood count, blood chemistry panels or markers for inflammatory C-reactive protein (CRP). There was no change to BMI. Three exceptional cases of improvement were recorded in the control group and made into case studies highlighting improved physical strength and ability to walk, and resolution of urinary issues and pica eating disorder. Because it was single blinded there may be some ‘placebo effect’ but overall the researchers conclude that the study demonstrates how interventions can be safely and effectively implemented in families, with minimal adverse effect. And that combined nutrient and diet interventions should be considered for use in clinical practice.
Abstract
This study involved a randomized, controlled, single-blind 12-month treatment study of a comprehensive nutritional and dietary intervention. Participants were 67 children and adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) ages 3-58 years from Arizona and 50 non-sibling neurotypical controls of similar age and gender. Treatment began with a special vitamin/mineral supplement, and additional treatments were added sequentially, including essential fatty acids, Epsom salt baths, carnitine, digestive enzymes, and a healthy gluten-free, casein-free, soy-free (HGCSF) diet. There was a significant improvement in nonverbal intellectual ability in the treatment group compared to the non-treatment group (+6.7 ± 11 IQ points vs. -0.6 ± 11 IQ points, p = 0.009) based on a blinded clinical assessment. Based on semi-blinded assessment, the treatment group, compared to the non-treatment group, had significantly greater improvement in autism symptoms and developmental age. The treatment group had significantly greater increases in EPA, DHA, carnitine, and vitamins A, B2, B5, B6, B12, folic acid, and Coenzyme Q10. The positive results of this study suggest that a comprehensive nutritional and dietary intervention is effective at improving nutritional status, non-verbal IQ, autism symptoms, and other symptoms in most individuals with ASD. Parents reported that the vitamin/mineral supplements, essential fatty acids, and HGCSF diet were the most beneficial.
-
2.
Cardiovascular Biomarkers in Association with Dietary Intake in a Longitudinal Study of Youth with Type 1 Diabetes.
Sanjeevi, N, Lipsky, LM, Nansel, TR
Nutrients. 2018;10(10)
-
-
-
Free full text
Plain language summary
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the major cause of mortality and morbidity in patients with type 1 diabetes, whose risk is several-fold higher than the general population. The objective of this study was to investigate relationships of CVD biomarkers with overall diet quality, and its dietary components in youth with type 1 diabetes. This study is a secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial of a family-based behavioural nutrition intervention. The control group had an equal frequency of contact with the research staff but did not receive any nutrition advice besides that included as part of regular type 1 diabetes care. Results indicate that greater intake of whole grains and whole fruits, and lower added sugar and polyunsaturated fatty acids were associated with more favourable CVD biomarkers. Authors conclude that overall diet quality was not associated with CVD biomarkers in youth with type 1 diabetes. However, specific dietary components were associated with CVD biomarkers, independent of glycaemic control.
Abstract
Despite cardioprotective effects of a healthy diet in the general population, few studies have investigated this relationship in individuals with type 1 diabetes, who are at elevated risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD) due to hyperglycemia. The objective of this study was to examine the association of CVD biomarkers with overall diet quality, as measured by the Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015), and its dietary components in youth with type 1 diabetes. Youth with type 1 diabetes (n = 136, 8⁻16.9 years) were enrolled in an 18-month behavioral nutrition intervention trial. Dietary intake from three-day diet records, CVD biomarkers (total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C); triglycerides (TG), C-reactive protein (CRP), 8-iso-prostaglandin-F2alpha (8-iso-PGF2α), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, respectively), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were assessed at baseline, 6, 12 and 18 months. Linear mixed-effects models estimated associations of dietary intake with CVD biomarkers, adjusting for HbA1c and other covariates. Separate models estimated associations of time-varying change in dietary intake with time-varying change in CVD biomarkers. HEI-2015 was not associated with CVD biomarkers, but whole grain intake was inversely associated with TC, HDL-C and DBP, and a greater increase in whole fruit intake was associated with lower DBP. Added sugar, saturated fat and polyunsaturated fat were positively related to serum TG, HDL-C, and DBP, respectively. Findings suggest that the intake of specific dietary components, including whole grains, whole fruits, added sugar and PUFA, may influence cardiometabolic health in youth with type 1 diabetes, independent of glycemic control.
-
3.
A whole-grain diet reduces peripheral insulin resistance and improves glucose kinetics in obese adults: A randomized-controlled trial.
Malin, SK, Kullman, EL, Scelsi, AR, Haus, JM, Filion, J, Pagadala, MR, Godin, JP, Kochhar, S, Ross, AB, Kirwan, JP
Metabolism: clinical and experimental. 2018;82:111-117
-
-
-
Free full text
-
Plain language summary
Literature shows that dietary whole-grain intake is associated with a lower incidence of type 2 diabetes. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between a whole-grain diet and insulin resistance and glucose use in individuals at risk for type 2 diabetes. The study was a randomized, double-blind, controlled crossover trial involving fourteen middle-aged, obese adults at risk for diabetes. Randomisation was carried out prior to metabolic testing. Results indicate that whole-grain intake as part of a mixed-meal diet significantly improved post-prandial (after a meal) glucose metabolism in middle-aged obese adults. Furthermore, both whole-grain and refined-grain interventions induced about 3–6% weight and fat loss. Authors conclude that whole-grain intake effectively promotes glycaemic control by improving insulin action.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole-grain intake is associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes but the mechanisms are unclear. PURPOSE We tested the hypothesis that a WG diet reduces insulin resistance and improves glucose use in individuals at risk for type 2 diabetes compared with an isocaloric-matched refined-grain diet. METHODS A double-blind, randomized, controlled, crossover trial of 14 moderately obese adults (Age, 38 ± 2 y; BMI, 34.0 ± 1.1 kg/m2). Insulin resistance and glucose metabolism was assessed using an oral glucose tolerance test combined with isotopic tracers of [6,6-2H2]-glucose and [U-13C]-glucose, and indirect calorimetry. Peripheral and hepatic insulin resistance was assessed as 1/(rate of disposal/insulin), and endogenous glucose rates of appearance (Ra) iAUC60-240 × insulin iAUC60-240, respectively. Both diets met ADA nutritional guidelines and contained either whole-grain (50 g per 1000 kcal) or equivalent refined-grain. All food was provided for 8 wk. with an 8-10 wk. washout period between diets. RESULTS Post-prandial glucose tolerance, peripheral insulin sensitivity, and metabolic flexibility (insulin-stimulated - fasting carbohydrate oxidation) improvements were greater after whole-grain compared to the refined-grain diet (P < 0.05). Compared to baseline, body fat (~2 kg) and hepatic Ra insulin resistance was reduced by both diets, while fasting glucose and exogenous glucose-meal were unchanged after both interventions. Changes in peripheral insulin resistance and metabolic flexibility correlated with improved glucose tolerance (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Whole-grains reduced diabetes risk and the mechanisms appear to work through reduced post-prandial blood glucose and peripheral insulin resistance that were statistically linked to enhanced metabolic flexibility.
-
4.
Enhanced 400-m sprint performance in moderately trained participants by a 4-day alkalizing diet: a counterbalanced, randomized controlled trial.
Limmer, M, Eibl, AD, Platen, P
Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2018;15(1):25
-
-
-
Free full text
Plain language summary
Alkaline diets and supplements have recently gained attention as a means to bring balance to the overly acidic Western diet. While the effects of the acid-base balance of diets on high-intensity athletic performance have not yet been extensively researched, it is hypothesised an acidizing diet can reduce exercise performance during anaerobic activities. The aim of this randomised, single-blind, crossover trial was to investigate the influence of an acidising or alkalising diet on 400-m sprint performance among 14 moderately trained students. Participants completed a baseline 400-m sprint and were then randomised to consume either an acidising or alkalising diet for four days. Each intervention period concluded with a 400-m sprint and a three-day washout period. Blood lactate concentrations, blood gas parameters and urinary pH were measured to determine extracellular buffering capacity. This study found the alkalising diet improved 400-m sprint time and higher blood lactate significantly compared with the acidising diet. Blood pH values remained unchanged between groups. Based in these results, the authors conclude it is possible to improve anaerobic exercise performance through alkalisation through diet rather than supplementation.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) is an alkalizing agent and its ingestion is used to improve anaerobic performance. However, the influence of alkalizing nutrients on anaerobic exercise performance remains unclear. Therefore, the present study investigated the influence of an alkalizing versus acidizing diet on 400-m sprint performance, blood lactate, blood gas parameters, and urinary pH in moderately trained adults. METHODS In a randomized crossover design, eleven recreationally active participants (8 men, 3 women) aged 26.0 ± 1.7 years performed one trial under each individual's unmodified diet and subsequently two trials following either 4 days of an alkalizing (BASE) or acidizing (ACID) diet. Trials consisted of 400-m runs at intervals of 1 week on a tartan track in a randomized order. RESULTS We found a significantly lower 400-m performance time for the BASE trial (65.8 ± 7.2 s) compared with the ACID trial (67.3 ± 7.1 s; p = 0.026). In addition, responses were significantly higher following the BASE diet for blood lactate (BASE: 16.3 ± 2.7; ACID 14.4 ± 2.1 mmol/L; p = 0.32) and urinary pH (BASE: 7.0 ± 0.7; ACID 5.5 ± 0.7; p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that a short-term alkalizing diet may improve 400-m performance time in moderately trained participants. Additionally, we found higher blood lactate concentrations under the alkalizing diet, suggesting an enhanced blood or muscle buffer capacity. Thus, an alkalizing diet may be an easy and natural way to enhance 400-m sprint performance for athletes without the necessity of taking artificial dietary supplements.
-
5.
Dietary nitrate does not modify blood pressure and cardiac output at rest and during exercise in older adults: a randomised cross-over study.
Oggioni, C, Jakovljevic, DG, Klonizakis, M, Ashor, AW, Ruddock, A, Ranchordas, M, Williams, E, Siervo, M
International journal of food sciences and nutrition. 2018;69(1):74-83
-
-
-
Free full text
-
Plain language summary
Nitrates are naturally-occurring compounds that are produced within the body and also found in food. The main sources of nitrates in the diet come from cured meats and vegetables such as spinach, rocket and beetroot. Nitrate supplements have been associated with beneficial effects on heart and metabolic health, and improvements in athletic performance. Many of these benefits have been observed in younger adults. The objective of this randomised controlled trial was to investigate the effects of 7 days’ consumption of beetroot juice compared with placebo on (1) blood pressure (BP) measured in resting conditions and during exercise, (2) cardiac and peripheral vascular function and (3) biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress and endothelial integrity, in older adults. Twenty non-smoking healthy participants aged 60-75 years were recruited. Each participant was given 70ml of either beetroot juice rich in nitrates, or beetroot juice low in nitrates (placebo), twice a day for 7 days. All participants took both the 7-day courses, with at least 7 days rest in between. Measurement was conducted before and after each 7-day intervention period. Consumption of nitrates had no effect on resting systolic and diastolic BP. Nitrate consumption did not improve heart function during exercise. Nitrate consumption did not change markers of inflammation, oxidative stress and endothelial integrity. The authors concluded that this study does not support the short-term benefits of dietary nitrate supplementation on physiological and biochemical markers of heart health in older healthy adults.
Abstract
Dietary nitrate (NO3-) supplementation has been associated with improved vascular and metabolic health. We conducted a double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled RCT to investigate the effects of 7-d consumption of beetroot juice compared with placebo on (1) blood pressure (BP) measured in resting conditions and during exercise, (2) cardiac and peripheral vascular function and (3) biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress and endothelial integrity. Twenty non-smoking healthy participants aged 60-75 years and BMI 20.0-29.9 kg/m2 were recruited. Measurement was conducted before and after each 7-d intervention period. Consumption of NO3- had no effect on resting systolic and diastolic BP. NO3- consumption did not improve indexes of central and peripheral cardiac function responses during cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Dietary NO3- supplementation did not modify biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress and endothelial integrity. This study does not support the short-term benefits of dietary NO3- supplementation on physiological and biochemical markers of vascular health in older healthy adults.
-
6.
Untargeted metabolomic on urine samples after α-lipoic acid and/or eicosapentaenoic acid supplementation in healthy overweight/obese women.
Romo-Hualde, A, Huerta, AE, González-Navarro, CJ, Ramos-López, O, Moreno-Aliaga, MJ, Martínez, JA
Lipids in health and disease. 2018;17(1):103
-
-
-
Free full text
Plain language summary
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA - an omega-3 fatty acid) and alpha-lipoic acid (an antioxidant) have both been investigated for their beneficial impacts on weight loss and heart health. The aim of this double-blind randomised placebo-controlled intervention lasting 8 weeks was to assess the effect of dietary supplementation with EPA and alpha-lipoic acid, separately or in combination, and together with a calorie restricted diet, on breakdown products (metabolites) present in the urine. The study recruited a group of 70 healthy overweight/obese sedentary females. Results indicate a higher reduction in body mass index and fat mass in those groups supplemented with alpha-lipoic acid. EPA supplementation had no effect on urinary breakdown products. Authors conclude that alpha-lipoic acid administration has beneficial effects on body weight reduction, mainly through its antioxidant properties.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and α-lipoic acid (α-LA) have been investigated for their beneficial effects on obesity and cardiovascular risk factors. In the current research, the goal was to evaluate metabolomic changes following the dietary supplementation of these two lipids, alone or combined in healthy overweight/obese sedentary women following an energy-restricted diet. For this purpose, an untargeted metabolomics approach was conducted on urine samples using liquid chromatography coupled with time of flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-TOF-MS). METHODS This is a short-term double blind placebo-controlled study with a parallel nutritional design that lasted 10 weeks. Participants were assigned to one of the 4 experimental groups [Control, EPA (1.3 g/d), α-LA (0.3 g/d) and EPA+α-LA (1.3 g/d + 0.3 g/d)]. All intervention groups followed an energy-restricted diet of 30% less than total energy expenditure. Clinically relevant biochemical measurements were analyzed. Urine samples (24 h) were collected at baseline and after 10 weeks. Untargeted metabolomic analysis on urine samples was carried out, and principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were performed for the pattern recognition and characteristic metabolites identification. RESULTS Urine samples were scattered in the PCA scores plots in response to the supplementation with α-LA. Totally, 28 putative discriminant metabolites in positive ionization, and 6 in negative ionization were identified among groups clearly differentiated according to the α-LA administration. Remarkably is the presence of an ascorbate intermediate metabolite (one of the isomers of trihydroxy-dioxohexanoate, or dihydroxy-oxohexanedionate) in the groups supplemented with α-LA. This fact might be associated with antioxidant properties of both α-LA and ascorbic acid. Correlations between phenotypical parameters and putative metabolites of provided additional information on whether there is a direct or inverse relationship between them. Especially interesting are the negative correlation between ascorbate intermediate metabolite and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and the positive one between superoxide dismutase (SOD) and α-LA supplementation. CONCLUSIONS This metabolomic approach supports that the beneficial effects of α-LA administration on body weight reduction may be partly explained by the antioxidant properties of this organosulfur carboxylic acid mediated by isomers of trihydroxy-dioxohexanoate, or dihydroxy-oxohexanedionate. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01138774 .
-
7.
Effects of n-3 fatty acids and exercise on oxidative stress parameters in type 2 diabetic: a randomized clinical trial.
Fayh, APT, Borges, K, Cunha, GS, Krause, M, Rocha, R, de Bittencourt, PIH, Moreira, JCF, Friedman, R, da Silva Rossato, J, Fernandes, JR, et al
Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2018;15:18
-
-
-
Free full text
Plain language summary
An elevated blood glucose level is one of the key metabolic abnormalities associated with complications in type 2 diabetes. Literature shows that individuals with type 2 diabetes have higher inflammatory levels than those with normal blood glucose tolerance. The aim of this study was to examine if omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation can reduce the inflammatory response associated with high-intensity exercise in type 2 diabetic individuals. This was a randomised, double-blind controlled study, which recruited 30 type 2 diabetic men and women aged between 30 and 60 years. Results indicate that after 8 weeks, omega-3 PUFA supplementation diminished the concentration of the total reactive antioxidant potential and triglyceride levels after high intensity exercise, however did not reduce the inflammatory response.
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between diabetes and oxidative stress has been previously reported. Exercise represents a useful non-pharmacological strategy for the treatment in type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients, but high intensity exercise can induce a transient inflammatory state and increase oxidative stress. Nutritional strategies that may contribute to the reduction of oxidative stress induced by acute exercise are necessary. The aim of this study was to examine if n-3 PUFA supplementation intervention can attenuate the inflammatory response and oxidative stress associated with high intensity exercise in this population. As a primary outcome, lipoperoxidation measurements (TBARS and F2-isoprostanes) were selected. METHODS Thirty T2DM patients, without chronic complications, were randomly allocated into two groups: placebo (gelatin capsules) or n-3 PUFA (capsules containing 180 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid and 120 mg of docosahexaenoic acid). Blood samples were collected fasting before and after 8 weeks supplementation. In the beginning and at the end of protocol, an acute exercise was performed (treadmill), and new blood samples were collected before and immediately after the exercise for measurements of oxidative stress and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). RESULTS After the supplementation period, a decrease in triglycerides levels was observed only in n-3 PUFA supplementation group (mean difference and 95% CI of 0.002 (0.000-0.004), p = 0.005). Supplementation also significantly reduced TRAP levels after exercise (mean difference and 95% CI to 9641 (- 20,068-39,351) for - 33,884 (- 56,976 - -10,793), p = 0.004, Cohen's d effect size = 1.12), but no significant difference was observed in n-3 PUFA supplementation group in lipoperoxidation parameters as TBARS (mean difference and 95% CI to - 3.8 (- 10-2.4) for - 2.9 (- 1.6-7.4) or F2-isoprostanes (mean difference and 95% CI -0.05 (- 0.19-0.10) for - 0.02 (- 0.19-0.16), p > 0.05 for both. CONCLUSION PUFA n-3 supplementation reduced triglycerides as well as TRAP levels after exercise, without a significant effect on inflammatory and oxidative stress markers.This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with the registration number of NCT03182712.
-
8.
Association between blood cholesterol and sodium intake in hypertensive women with excess weight.
Padilha, BM, Ferreira, RC, Bueno, NB, Tassitano, RM, Holanda, LS, Vasconcelos, SML, Cabral, PC
Medicine. 2018;97(15):e0371
-
-
-
Free full text
-
Plain language summary
Restricting sodium intake in hypertensive patient is prescribed for prevention of cardiovascular and renal favourable outcomes as, blood pressure (BP) is inversely related to sodium intake. However recent studies observed, conflicting results between blood cholesterol and sodium intake. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between blood cholesterol and sodium intake in hypertensive women. In this cross-sectional study, 165 hypertensive and nondiabetic women aged 20 to 59 years were randomly recruited and their anthropometric, biochemical, and BP data were measured using the gold standard for sodium analysis. The authors concluded that despite couple of limiting factors, sodium intake and blood cholesterol were statistically significant only in overweight and obese hypertensive women though no significant correlation was established in hypertensive women with no excess weight.
Abstract
Restricted sodium intake has been recommended for more than 1 century for the treatment of hypertension. However, restriction seems to increase blood cholesterol. In women with excess weight, blood cholesterol may increase even more because of insulin resistance and the high lipolytic activity of adipose tissue.The aim of this study was to assess the association between blood cholesterol and sodium intake in hypertensive women with and without excess weight.This was a cross-sectional study with hypertensive and nondiabetic women aged 20 to 59 years, recruited at the primary healthcare units of Maceio, Alagoas, Brazilian Northeast. Excess weight was defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥25.0 kg/m. Sodium intake was estimated by the 24-hour urinary excretion of sodium. Blood cholesterol was the primary outcome investigated by this study, and its relationship with sodium intake and other variables was assessed by Pearson correlation and multivariate linear regression using a significance level of 5%.This study included 165 hypertensive women. Of these, 135 (81.8%) were with excess weight. The mean sodium intake was 3.7 g (±1.9) and 3.4 g (±2.4) in hypertensive women with and without excess weight, respectively. The multiple normal linear regression models fitted to the "blood cholesterol" in the 2 groups reveal that for the group of hypertensive women without excess weight only 1 independent variable "age" is statistically significant to explain the variability of the blood cholesterol levels. However, for the group of hypertensive women with excess weight, 2 independent variables, age and sodium intake, can statistically explain variations of the blood cholesterol levels.Blood cholesterol is statistically inversely related to sodium intake for hypertensive women with excess weight, but it is not statistically related to sodium intake for hypertensive women without excess weight.
-
9.
Association of serum vitamin D concentrations with dietary patterns in children and adolescents.
Ganji, V, Martineau, B, Van Fleit, WE
Nutrition journal. 2018;17(1):58
-
-
-
Free full text
Plain language summary
In the absence of not enough exposure to sunlight , diet is an important contributor of vitamin D status. Henceforth, this study aimed to examine the correlation of blood plasma status of vitamin D to any dietary pattern. Data was collected through National centre of health statistics of USA in which, a 216-item food frequency questionnaire was included to gather information on dietary pattern of children and adolescents. The results from this study suggests that the greatest plasma concentrations of vitamin D status occurred in individuals who consumed a healthier diet, emphasising on vegetables, fruits, and some fish and lean meat. The authors though concluded that the difference seen in plasma vitamin D status could also be other than diet such as season, sun exposure and intake of vitamin D supplements as well as that, the bioavailibilty of vitamin D may be low in those who are overweight. Henceforth, from public health perspective children hould be encouraged to eat healthily.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because children have been advised on the dangers of sun exposure, diet is an important contributor of serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations. Aim of this study was to determine whether serum 25(OH)D concentrations were associated with any specific dietary patterns in US children. METHODS Data from 2 cycles of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004 and 2005-2006 for individuals aged 2 to ≤19 y, were used to study relation between dietary patterns and serum 25(OH)D. We derived 2 major dietary patterns based on the food frequency questionnaire data. These were labeled as High-Fat-Low-Vegetable Dietary (HFLVD) pattern and Prudent Dietary (PD) pattern. RESULTS In multivariate adjusted analysis, there was no significant relationship between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and tertiles of HFLVD and PD dietary pattern scores in all subjects, boys, and girls. When dietary patterns scores were used as a continuous variable in adjusted analysis, children (all) with higher PD contribution scores to overall diet showed a significant positive relation with serum 25(OH)D (β = 59.1, P = 0.017). When data were stratified by sex, a significant positive relation was observed in girls between serum 25(OH)D concentration and PD pattern scores (β = 82.1, P = 0.015). A significant negative relation was observed in girls between serum 25(OH)D and HFLVD pattern scores (β = - 88.5, P = 0.016). CONCLUSION Overall, serum 25(OH)D were associated with PD pattern but not with HFLVD pattern in US children. In public health perspective, it is important to encourage children, especially girls who are consuming HFLVD pattern to shift to healthier diet.
-
10.
The effects of fatty fish intake on adolescents' nutritional status and associations with attention performance: results from the FINS-TEENS randomized controlled trial.
Handeland, K, Skotheim, S, Baste, V, Graff, IE, Frøyland, L, Lie, Ø, Kjellevold, M, Markhus, MW, Stormark, KM, Øyen, J, et al
Nutrition journal. 2018;17(1):30
-
-
-
Free full text
Plain language summary
The consumption of omega-3 rich oily fish is associated with good health and is included as a recommendation in dietary guidelines in many countries. In this randomised controlled trial, 415 Norwegian children were assigned to eat either a fish meal, a meat meal or take a fish oil supplement 3 times a week for 12 weeks, to see if this affected their blood status of fatty acids, Vitamin D and iron, and their urinary status of iodine. In addition, the study measured the effects of the trial intervention on attention performance (visual attention, processing speed and accuracy). The study found that participants were deficient in fatty acids, vitamin D, iron and iodine at baseline. After the intervention, the omega-3 status increased most in the fish oil supplement group, followed by the fish group and lastly the meat group. It was noted that there was a low compliance rate in the fish meal group which many account for the difference between the fish oil supplement and fish meal groups in change in omega-3 status. Vitamin D, iron and iodine increased in all groups, however no differences were noted between the groups, and there were no effects of the changed nutritional markers on attention performance. The authors note that a healthy dietary pattern and intake of oily fish was positively associated with attention performance at baseline.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence involves changes in dietary habits that may induce imbalances in the intake of different nutrients. Fish is an important dietary source of omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), vitamin D, several minerals and high-quality protein. By using secondary outcomes and exploratory analyses, the aims of this paper were to evaluate if nutritional biomarkers (red blood cell fatty acids, serum (s)-25(OH)D, s-ferritin and urinary iodine concentration (UIC)) were altered during a dietary intervention, and if they mediated previously reported changes in attention performance. In addition, to examine the status of the biomarkers and explore associations between dietary pattern, biomarkers and attention performance cross-sectionally at baseline. METHODS The Fish Intervention Studies-TEENS (FINS-TEENS) was a three-armed intervention trial, including adolescents from eight secondary schools (n = 415; age: 14-15y) in Bergen, Norway. Participants were individually randomized to receive either fish meals, meat meals or n-3 LCPUFA supplements, three times a week for a total of 12 weeks. Blood and urine samples were collected pre and post intervention and attention performance was assessed with the d2 test of attention. Analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) assessed differences between groups in changes of biomarkers and linear mixed models were applied in analyses of attention performance and biomarkers. The trial is registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02350322). RESULTS At baseline, the mean omega-3 index was 5.8 ± 1.3% and deficient status were identified for s-25(OH)D (54%), s-ferritin (10%) and UIC (40%). The intervention resulted in an increase in DHA and the omega-3 index which was larger in the supplement group compared to the fish and meat group (P < 0.01), and in the fish group compared to the meat group (P < 0.01). No differences between the groups were observed for changes in 25(OH)D, s-ferritin or UIC. None of the biomarkers mediated performance in the d2 test. The intake of fatty fish and a healthy dietary pattern was associated with scores in processing speed at baseline. CONCLUSIONS These results show that Norwegian adolescents have insufficient status of important nutrients, which may be improved with fatty fish consumption or n-3 LCPUFA supplements. However, nutritional status was not associated with scores in the d2 test of attention.